Test and Measurement in Sports – Class 12 Physical Education Notes
Computation of Fat Percentage
Fat percentage helps in knowing whether a person is underweight, normal, overweight or obese.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
Formula:
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height² (m²)
BMI Classification
| BMI | Weight Status |
|---|---|
| Below 18.5 | Underweight |
| 18.5 – 24.9 | Normal |
| 25.0 – 29.9 | Overweight |
| 30.0 and above | Obese |
Slaughter–Lohman Children Skinfold Test
This test is used to measure body fat percentage in children aged 6–17 years using a skinfold caliper.
Measurement Sites
Triceps: Vertical fold on back of upper arm midway between shoulder and elbow
Calf: Inside of right lower leg at maximum calf girth
Sum of Skinfolds = Triceps + Calf
Formula
Boys (6–17 years):
% Body Fat = (0.735 × Sum of skinfolds) + 1.0Girls (6–17 years):
% Body Fat = (0.610 × Sum of skinfolds) + 5.1
Measurement of Muscular Strength
Muscular strength is the ability of muscles to exert force against resistance for a short duration.
Kraus–Weber Test
Developed to measure minimum muscular fitness.
The test includes six items assessing strength and flexibility of major muscle groups.
Note: Test is performed without shoes.
Six Test Items
Abdominals + Psoas
Abdominals – Psoas
Psoas (Hip flexors)
Upper Back
Lower Back
Back and Hamstring
Motor Fitness Test – AAHPER
Developed by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
Applicable to school students up to 17 years.
Students must be medically fit and warmed up.
Test Items
1. Pull-Ups (Boys)
Purpose: Arm and shoulder strength
Procedure: Pull body until chin reaches bar
Score: Number of correct pull-ups
Flexed Arm Hang (Girls)
Purpose: Arm and shoulder strength
Procedure: Chin held above bar with support
Score: Time in seconds
2. Flexed Leg Sit-Ups
Purpose: Abdominal strength and endurance
Procedure: Maximum sit-ups in 60 seconds
3. Shuttle Run
Purpose: Speed and agility
Procedure: Pick and place two wooden blocks from 30 feet distance
Score: Best of two trials
4. Standing Long Jump
Purpose: Leg power
Procedure: Jump forward with arm swing
Score: Best of three trials
5. 50 Yard Dash
Purpose: Speed
Procedure: Run 50 yards
Score: Time recorded
6. 600 Yard Run/Walk
Purpose: Endurance
Procedure: Run or walk 600 yards
Score: Time in minutes and seconds
General Motor Fitness
General motor fitness is the ability to perform different motor skills efficiently without fatigue.
Test 1: Standing Broad Jump
Purpose: Explosive leg strength
Test 2: Zig–Zag Run
Purpose: Agility
Procedure: Run zig-zag course without touching cones
Test 3: Medicine Ball Put
Purpose: Arm and shoulder explosive strength
Weight:
Boys: 3 kg
Girls: 1 kg
Score: Best of three trials
Measurement of Cardiovascular Fitness
Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles during activity.
1. Harvard Step Test
Purpose: Aerobic fitness
Equipment: Bench (20 inches men, 16 inches women), stopwatch, metronome
Measures: Recovery rate
2. Rockport Test
Also called Rockport One Mile Walk Test
Purpose: Aerobic fitness
Suitable for: Middle-aged and older adults
Equipment: 400 m track, stopwatch, weighing scale
Computation of Fitness Index
Fitness Index is calculated using recovery heart rate after exercise.
(Formula as prescribed in syllabus)
Rikli and Jones – Senior Citizen Fitness Test
Designed in 2001 to measure functional fitness of senior citizens using safe and simple activities.
1. Chair Stand Test
Purpose: Lower body strength
Equipment: Chair, stopwatch
2. Arm Curl Test
Purpose: Upper body strength
Equipment:
Women: 5 lb weight
Men: 8 lb weight
3. Chair Sit and Reach Test
Purpose: Lower body flexibility
Equipment: Chair, ruler
4. Back Scratch Test
Purpose: Shoulder and upper arm flexibility
Equipment: None
5. Eight Foot Up and Go Test
Purpose: Agility, speed and balance
Equipment: Chair, cone, stopwatch
6. Six Minute Walk Test
Purpose: Aerobic endurance
Equipment: Measuring tape, stopwatch, chairs
Suitable for: Elderly and orthopaedic patients
✍️ Top 10 Short Question–Answers
Q1. What is fat percentage?
👉 Fat percentage shows the amount of fat present in the body.
Q2. What is BMI?
👉 BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
Q3. Write the formula of BMI.
👉 BMI = Weight (kg) / Height² (m²)
Q4. For which age group is the Slaughter–Lohman test used?
👉 Children aged 6–17 years.
Q5. Name the two sites used in Slaughter–Lohman skinfold test.
👉 Triceps and Calf.
Q6. What is muscular strength?
👉 Ability of muscles to exert force against resistance.
Q7. How many items are there in Kraus–Weber test?
👉 Six items.
Q8. What is motor fitness?
👉 Ability to perform motor skills efficiently without fatigue.
Q9. What is cardiovascular fitness?
👉 Ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen during activity.
Q10. For whom is Rikli and Jones fitness test designed?
👉 Senior citizens.
📝 Long Answer Questions
Q1. Explain BMI and its classification.
BMI is a method to measure body fat using height and weight.
Formula:
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height² (m²)
Classification:
-
Below 18.5 – Underweight
-
18.5–24.9 – Normal
-
25–29.9 – Overweight
-
30 and above – Obese
Q2. Explain Slaughter–Lohman Children Skinfold Test.
This test measures body fat percentage in children aged 6–17 years using a skinfold caliper.
Measurement sites:
-
Triceps
-
Calf
Formula:
-
Boys: (0.735 × sum of skinfolds) + 1.0
-
Girls: (0.610 × sum of skinfolds) + 5.1
Q3. Explain Kraus–Weber Test.
Kraus–Weber Test measures minimum muscular fitness.
It includes six items testing strength and flexibility of:
-
Abdominals and psoas
-
Upper and lower back
-
Hamstrings
The test is performed without shoes.
Q4. Describe Motor Fitness Test (AAHPER).
AAHPER test measures motor fitness of students up to 17 years.
It includes:
-
Pull-ups / Flexed arm hang
-
Sit-ups
-
Shuttle run
-
Standing long jump
-
50-yard dash
-
600-yard run/walk
Q5. Explain Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Test.
It measures functional fitness of senior citizens using safe activities.
Tests include:
-
Chair stand
-
Arm curl
-
Chair sit and reach
-
Back scratch
-
Eight foot up and go
-
Six-minute walk test
📝 Previous Years’ Questions (PYQs ONLY)
🔹 Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)
What is BMI?
Write the formula of BMI.
What does fat percentage indicate?
For which age group is Slaughter–Lohman test used?
Name the two skinfold sites used in Slaughter–Lohman test.
What is muscular strength?
How many items are there in Kraus–Weber test?
What is motor fitness?
Name one test to measure cardiovascular fitness.
For whom is Rikli and Jones fitness test designed?
🔹 Short Answer Questions (2–3 Marks)
Explain BMI and its classification.
What is Slaughter–Lohman Children Skinfold Test?
Write the formula to calculate body fat percentage for boys and girls.
Explain muscular strength.
What is Kraus–Weber test? Write its purpose.
What is AAHPER motor fitness test?
Write any two test items of AAHPER motor fitness test.
What is cardiovascular fitness?
What is Rockport One Mile Walk Test?
Write any two purposes of Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Test.
🔹 Long Answer Questions (4–5 Marks)
Explain BMI. Write its formula and classification.
Describe Slaughter–Lohman Children Skinfold Test with procedure and formula.
Explain Kraus–Weber test and its items.
Explain AAHPER motor fitness test with its test items.
Explain Harvard Step Test and Rockport Test.
Describe Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Test and its components.
❓ FAQs (5)
FAQ 1. Why is BMI important?
👉 It helps identify underweight, overweight and obesity.
FAQ 2. Why is Slaughter–Lohman test suitable for children?
👉 It is safe and accurate for ages 6–17.
FAQ 3. What does AAHPER test measure?
👉 Strength, speed, agility, power and endurance.
FAQ 4. Which test measures aerobic fitness?
👉 Harvard Step Test and Rockport Test.
FAQ 5. Why are fitness tests important?
👉 They help assess physical fitness and health level.
| Chapter No. | Chapter Name | Visit |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Planning in Sports | Visit |
| 2 | Sports and Nutrition | Visit |
| 3 | Yoga and Lifestyle | Visit |
| 4 | Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Divyangs) | Visit |
| 5 | Children and Sports | Visit |
| 6 | Women and Sports | Visit |
| 7 | Test and Measurement in Sports | Visit |
| 8 | Physiology and Sports | Visit |
| 9 | Sports Medicine | Visit |
| 10 | Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports | Visit |
| 11 | Psychology and Sports | Visit |
| 12 | Training in Sports | Visit |
0 Comments