Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Notes
9.1 Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry deals with the care, breeding, feeding and management of domesticated animals to obtain useful products.
Importance of Animal Husbandry in Human Welfare:
Provides food products:
Milk
Meat
Eggs
Honey
Provides useful by-products:
Wool
Silk
Leather
Beeswax
Supports rural economy and employment
Improves nutritional security
Improving Quality and Quantity of Milk Production
If a family owns a dairy farm, the following measures help increase milk production:
Selection of high-yielding and disease-resistant breeds
Balanced and nutritious feeding
Clean and hygienic shelter
Regular veterinary care and vaccination
Proper milking practices
Good management and supervision
Breed and Objectives of Animal Breeding
Breed:
A breed is a group of animals related by descent and having similar characteristics like size, appearance and productivity.
Objectives of Animal Breeding:
Increase production (milk, meat, eggs, wool)
Improve quality of produce
Develop disease-resistant varieties
Produce draught animals for agricultural work
Methods of Animal Breeding
Common Methods:
Inbreeding
Outbreeding
Cross-breeding
Interspecific hybridisation
Artificial insemination
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET)
Best Method – Cross-breeding:
Combines desirable traits of two breeds
Produces fertile offspring
Avoids inbreeding depression
Improves productivity and disease resistance
Apiculture (Bee Keeping)
Apiculture is the rearing and breeding of honey bees for the production of honey and beeswax.
Importance of Apiculture:
Honey is a nutritious food
Beeswax is used in cosmetics, candles and industries
Honey bees help in pollination of crops like:
Sunflower
Apple
Pear
Increases crop yield through pollination
Fishery and Food Production
Fishery includes catching, processing and marketing of fish.
Role of Fishery:
Fish is rich in:
High-quality protein
Vitamins A and D
Minerals and iodine
Fish oil has medicinal value
Fish by-products:
Fish glue
Fertilisers
Artificial pearls
Generates employment
Led to Blue Revolution (increase in fish production)
9.2 Plant Breeding
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species to improve yield, quality and resistance.
Steps in Plant Breeding:
Collection of germplasm
Evaluation and selection of parents
Cross-hybridisation
Selection of superior hybrids
Testing and release of new varieties
Biofortification
Biofortification means improving nutritional quality of crops by increasing:
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Fats and micronutrients
Importance:
Improves public health
Reduces malnutrition
Ensures nutritional security
9.3 Single Cell Proteins (SCP)
Single Cell Proteins are proteins obtained from microorganisms like algae, yeast and bacteria.
Advantages:
High protein content
Requires less space
Fast growth
Used as food and animal feed
9.4 Tissue Culture and Micropropagation
Tissue culture is the in vitro growth of plant cells or tissues on a nutrient medium.
Virus-Free Plants
Best Plant Part:
Apical and axillary meristems
Reason:
High rate of cell division
Viruses fail to infect meristematic cells
Healthy plants can be regenerated using micropropagation
Advantages of Micropropagation
Rapid production of large number of plants
Plants are genetically identical
Disease-free plants
Year-round multiplication
Components of Tissue Culture Medium
Sucrose (energy source)
Inorganic salts
Vitamins
Growth regulators:
Auxins
Cytokinins
Hybrid Crop Varieties Developed in India
Some important hybrid varieties are:
Sonalika – Wheat
Himgiri – Wheat
Pusa Swarnim – Mustard
Pusa Sem 2 – Bean
Pusa Sawani – Lady’s finger (Okra)
9.5 Summary (Exam Ready ✨)
Animal husbandry enhances food production
Apiculture and fishery support nutrition and economy
Plant breeding improves yield and resistance
Biofortification improves crop nutrition
Tissue culture allows rapid, disease-free multiplication
SCP is a future protein source
✍️ Top 10 Short Question–Answers
Q1. What is animal husbandry?
Answer: Animal husbandry is the care, breeding, feeding and management of domesticated animals for useful products.
Q2. Name any two products obtained from animal husbandry.
Answer: Milk and meat.
Q3. What is a breed?
Answer: A breed is a group of animals related by descent having similar characteristics.
Q4. Mention one objective of animal breeding.
Answer: To increase production of milk, meat, eggs or wool.
Q5. Which animal breeding method is considered best and why?
Answer: Cross-breeding, as it combines desirable traits and avoids inbreeding depression.
Q6. What is apiculture?
Answer: Rearing and breeding of honey bees for honey and beeswax.
Q7. What is fishery?
Answer: Fishery includes catching, processing and marketing of fish.
Q8. What is plant breeding?
Answer: Purposeful manipulation of plants to improve yield, quality and resistance.
Q9. What are single cell proteins (SCP)?
Answer: Proteins obtained from microorganisms like algae, yeast and bacteria.
Q10. Which plant part is used to obtain virus-free plants?
Answer: Apical and axillary meristems.
📝 Long Answer Questions
Q1. Explain the importance of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Answer:
Animal husbandry plays an important role in human welfare by:
Providing food products like milk, meat, eggs and honey
Supplying by-products such as wool, silk, leather and beeswax
Supporting rural economy and employment
Improving nutritional security of people
Q2. Describe methods of animal breeding.
Answer:
Various methods of animal breeding are:
Inbreeding: Breeding between closely related animals
Outbreeding: Breeding unrelated animals
Cross-breeding: Mating animals of different breeds
Interspecific hybridisation: Between different species
Artificial insemination: Semen introduced artificially
MOET: Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technique
Among these, cross-breeding is the most effective.
Q3. Explain tissue culture and advantages of micropropagation.
Answer:
Tissue culture is the in vitro growth of plant cells or tissues on a nutrient medium.
Advantages of micropropagation:
Rapid multiplication of plants
Production of genetically identical plants
Disease-free plants
Year-round propagation
Virus-free plants are obtained using meristem culture.
📝 PYQs (Previous Year Questions)
🔹 1️⃣ Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)
What is animal husbandry?
Name any one product obtained from animal husbandry.
What is meant by a breed?
Name the best method of animal breeding.
What is apiculture?
Which insects are reared in apiculture?
What is fishery?
What is plant breeding?
What are single cell proteins (SCP)?
Which plant part is used to obtain virus-free plants?
🔹 2️⃣ Short Answer Questions (2–3 Marks)
State the importance of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Mention any two measures to improve milk production in dairy farms.
Define cross-breeding and state its advantages.
What is apiculture? Mention its importance.
Write any two advantages of fish as food.
What is biofortification? Why is it important?
Define single cell protein. Mention its two advantages.
What is tissue culture?
Why are apical meristems used to produce virus-free plants?
Write the components of tissue culture medium.
🔹 3️⃣ Long Answer Questions (3–5 Marks)
Explain the role of animal husbandry in increasing food production.
Describe various methods of animal breeding.
Explain apiculture and its importance in agriculture.
Describe fishery resources and their importance.
Explain plant breeding and its major steps.
Describe tissue culture and advantages of micropropagation.
What are single cell proteins? Explain their significance.
🔹 4️⃣ Difference-Based PYQs (Very Important)
Inbreeding vs Cross-breeding
Apiculture vs Fishery
Plant breeding vs Animal breeding
Biofortification vs Conventional breeding
Tissue culture vs Micropropagation
🔹 5️⃣ Assertion–Reason / Concept-Based PYQs
Cross-breeding is preferred over inbreeding. Justify.
Honey bees are important for crop production. Explain.
Fishery led to the Blue Revolution. Explain.
Meristem culture helps in producing virus-free plants. Give reason.
SCP is considered a future source of protein. Justify.
🔹 6️⃣ List / Example-Based PYQs
Name any four products obtained from animal husbandry.
Name any two hybrid crop varieties developed in India.
List any two advantages of biofortification.
Name any two microorganisms used as SCP.
❓ FAQs (5)
FAQ 1. Why is cross-breeding preferred in animal breeding?
Because it combines desirable traits and improves productivity.
FAQ 2. How does apiculture help agriculture?
Honey bees help in pollination, increasing crop yield.
FAQ 3. What is biofortification?
Improving nutritional quality of crops by increasing vitamins, minerals and proteins.
FAQ 4. Why are SCPs considered future food sources?
They are protein-rich, grow fast and need less space.
FAQ 5. Why are meristems used to produce virus-free plants?
Because viruses cannot infect rapidly dividing meristematic cells.
| Chapter No. | Chapter Name | Visit |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reproduction in Organisms | Visit |
| 2 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | Visit |
| 3 | Human Reproduction | Visit |
| 4 | Reproductive Health | Visit |
| 5 | Principles of Inheritance and Variation | Visit |
| 6 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance | Visit |
| 7 | Evolution | Visit |
| 8 | Human Health and Disease | Visit |
| 9 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production | Visit |
| 10 | Microbes in Human Welfare | Visit |
| 11 | Biotechnology: Principles and Processes | Visit |
| 12 | Biotechnology and its Applications | Visit |
| 13 | Organisms and Populations | Visit |
| 14 | Ecosystem | Visit |
| 15 | Biodiversity and Conservation | Visit |
| 16 | Environmental Issues | Visit |
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