B.Pharm 8th Semester Social and Preventive Pharmacy Important Question Answer
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| Social and Preventive Pharmacy Important Question Answer |
What Is Social and Preventive Pharmacy ?
Social and Preventive Pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy that deals with the study of health promotion, disease prevention, and the role of pharmacists in improving public health through education, awareness, and implementation of national health programs.
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PCI Plan This Subject In A Such Manner That A Pharmacist Provide Better Health Codition To The Patients By Social, Cultural, Environmental, and Economic Factors Influence Health.
Key Elements Included in the Subject:
Concepts of health and disease
Nutrition and hygiene
Communicable and non-communicable diseases
Epidemiology and preventive strategies
National health programs and policies
Role of pharmacists in public health
Unit-Wise Topics Cover In Social and Preventive Pharmacy
🟩 UNIT 1: Concepts of Health and Disease
📌 Important Topics to Prepare:
WHO definition of health
Dimensions and determinants of health
Disease: definition, types (acute/chronic), and causes
Concepts of disease prevention and levels:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Concept of public health, its scope & objectives
Lifestyle diseases – examples and prevention
🧠 Key Question Focus:
Define health as per WHO
What is public health?
What are lifestyle diseases?
Differentiate levels of prevention with examples
🟩 UNIT 2: Nutrition and Health
📌 Important Topics to Prepare:
Basic nutrients: carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals
Malnutrition & its types (PEM, kwashiorkor, marasmus)
Deficiency diseases: Vitamin A, D, Iron, Iodine etc.
Food hygiene and food adulteration
Role of nutrition in pregnancy and childhood
🧠 Key Question Focus:
Explain nutritional deficiency diseases
Food-related health problems & prevention
Establish food in relation to nutrition and health
Immunization and Vitamin deficiency diseases
🟩 UNIT 3: Environmental Health Issues
📌 Important Topics to Prepare:
Water purification (household & large scale)
Water-borne diseases (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis)
Waste disposal methods (biomedical waste, sanitary landfill)
Vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya)
Air, water, and noise pollution & their health impacts
Sanitation and hygiene in rural & urban areas
🧠 Key Question Focus:
Vector-borne diseases
Causative agents of cholera & dengue
Sanitation improvement strategies
Impact of pollution on health
Community services in rural areas
🟩 UNIT 4: Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases
📌 Important Topics to Prepare:
Principles of epidemiology
Disease transmission modes
Prevention and control of communicable diseases:
Malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS, Influenza, COVID-19
Role of ASHA workers, PHC functions
Drug addiction and public awareness
🧠 Key Question Focus:
Prevention & control of malaria, dengue, HIV/AIDS
PHC roles and functions
What is drug addiction?
Role of ASHA workers
Symptoms of pneumonia, SARS
🟩 UNIT 5: National Health Programs & Policies
📌 Important Topics to Prepare:
National Health Programs (objectives, functions, outcomes):
Pulse Polio, National Tobacco Control, AIDS Control,
Mental Health Program, Leprosy Eradication, NMEP, RCH
Immunization schedule in India
National Family Welfare Program
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
WHO and its role in Indian Health Programs
🧠 Key Question Focus:
Write notes on national programs (AIDS, polio, tobacco etc.)
Pulse Polio objectives
Universal immunization chart
Mental health & family welfare programs
Role of WHO
Social and Preventive Pharmacy Very Short Question Answers [2- Marks]
Q1. Define the concept of health according to WHO.
Ans: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
Q2. What is the National Tobacco Control Program?
Ans: The National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 2007–08 to create awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco, reduce tobacco consumption, enforce tobacco control laws, and help people quit tobacco use.
Q3. What is SARS?
Ans: SARS stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. It is a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
Q4. Symptoms of Pneumonia
Ans: Common symptoms of pneumonia include cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, difficulty in breathing, chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Q5. Name any four diseases associated with vitamin deficiency.
Ans:
Rickets – Vitamin D deficiency
Scurvy – Vitamin C deficiency
Beriberi – Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
Night Blindness – Vitamin A deficiency
Q6. Define hypertension and its symptoms.
Ans: Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, typically ≥140/90 mmHg. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, chest pain, fatigue, and blurred vision.
Q7. Write the function of PHC.
Ans: Primary Health Centres (PHCs) provide basic healthcare services including maternal and child health care, immunization, disease prevention, health education, and treatment of common illnesses at the grassroots level in rural areas.
Q8. Name the causative agent of cholera and dengue.
Ans:
Cholera: Vibrio cholerae
Dengue: Dengue virus (transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito)
Q9. What is drug addiction?
Ans: Drug addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.
Q10. Write the objectives of the Pulse Polio Program.
Ans: The main objectives are to eradicate poliomyelitis by immunizing all children under 5 years of age with oral polio vaccine and to maintain high immunity against poliovirus.
Q11. Give examples of vector-borne diseases.
Ans:
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Yellow fever
Q12. Who are ASHA workers?
Ans: ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) workers are trained female community health volunteers under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) who promote health awareness and assist in delivery of basic healthcare services in rural areas.
Q13. Mention few drugs to control Ebola virus infection.
Ans:
Remdesivir
Inmazeb (combination of three monoclonal antibodies)
ZMapp (experimental antibody-based therapy)
Q14. Enumerate few suggestions to improve rural sanitation.
Ans:
Promote use of toilets
Ensure proper waste disposal
Educate on personal hygiene
Provide clean drinking water
Construct proper drainage systems
Q15. Suggest names of few lifestyle diseases.
Ans:
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Cardiovascular diseases
Q16. Name a live bacterial vaccine stating the disease against which it is used.
Ans: BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) is a live bacterial vaccine used against tuberculosis.
Q17. What do you mean by public health?
Ans: Public health is the science and practice of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts, education, and services.
Q18. Define health as per WHO.
Ans: (Repeated question; same as Q1)
Ans: Health is defined by WHO as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
Q19. Cite few ways you would like to control dengue.
Ans:
Eliminate mosquito breeding sites
Use mosquito repellents and nets
Wear protective clothing
Conduct fogging and spraying insecticides
Promote public awareness
Q20. What is drug addiction?
Ans: (Repeated question; same as Q9)
Ans: Drug addiction is a condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to use drugs despite harmful consequences, leading to dependence and psychological changes.
Social and Preventive Pharmacy Short Question Answers [5- Marks]
Q1. Explain the concept of nutritional deficiency disease.
Ans:
Nutritional deficiency diseases are health disorders caused by the lack of essential nutrients in the human diet. These deficiencies can be due to the absence or insufficient intake of vital vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. When the body does not receive these necessary components, it leads to malfunctioning of physiological processes and the development of specific diseases. Nutritional deficiencies can be categorized broadly as:
Vitamin Deficiency Diseases:
Vitamin A deficiency: Night blindness
Vitamin D deficiency: Rickets
Vitamin C deficiency: Scurvy
Vitamin B1 deficiency: Beriberi
Mineral Deficiency Diseases:
Iron deficiency: Anemia
Iodine deficiency: Goiter
Calcium deficiency: Osteoporosis
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM):
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are common in children due to lack of protein and energy.
Other Nutrient-Related Disorders:
Zinc deficiency: Growth retardation and delayed healing
Folic acid deficiency: Neural tube defects in newborns
Prevention of these diseases includes ensuring a balanced diet, food fortification (e.g., iodized salt), nutritional education, and supplementation programs like Vitamin A and Iron-Folic Acid tablets for vulnerable groups. Government initiatives such as Mid-Day Meal Scheme and Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) also aim to reduce these deficiencies. Promoting awareness about healthy dietary practices remains vital in combating such diseases at the community level.
Q2. Detail notes on personal hygiene, health care, and avoidable habits.
Ans:
Personal hygiene refers to practices that individuals follow to maintain cleanliness and promote good health. It includes habits such as regular bathing, brushing teeth, handwashing, trimming nails, wearing clean clothes, and menstrual hygiene. Maintaining good hygiene helps prevent infections, skin diseases, dental problems, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Health care involves taking measures to preserve health and prevent disease through regular check-ups, vaccinations, early diagnosis, and treatment. It includes both preventive and curative aspects. Preventive care includes immunization, regular screening, healthy eating, physical activity, and stress management. Curative care involves prompt medical attention for illnesses and adherence to treatment regimens.
Avoidable habits are those behaviors that negatively impact health and should be discouraged. These include:
Smoking and tobacco use
Alcohol and substance abuse
Irregular sleeping patterns
Excessive junk food consumption
Sedentary lifestyle
Such habits are major contributors to lifestyle diseases like diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer. Educating individuals about the consequences of these habits, along with behavior modification strategies, can greatly improve public health outcomes.
Thus, integrating personal hygiene with responsible healthcare behavior and avoiding harmful habits forms the foundation of a healthy lifestyle, reduces disease burden, and enhances the quality of life in both urban and rural populations.
Q3. Write the objective, function, and outcome of the National Mental Health Program.
Ans:
The National Mental Health Program (NMHP) was launched in 1982 by the Government of India to address the growing burden of mental disorders and to ensure the availability and accessibility of mental health care to all segments of the population.
Objectives:
To ensure the availability and accessibility of minimum mental health care for all.
To encourage the application of mental health knowledge in general healthcare.
To promote community participation in the mental health service development.
Functions:
Integration of mental health services into primary health care.
Strengthening tertiary care institutions.
Training general physicians and health workers in mental health.
Promoting awareness and removing stigma related to mental illness.
Development of infrastructure and provision of essential psychiatric medicines.
Outcome:
Increased availability of mental health services across districts.
Enhanced awareness and reduced stigma to some extent.
Training of health professionals in mental healthcare delivery.
Mental Health Act 1987 and Mental Healthcare Act 2017 were formulated as a result of sustained advocacy.
Despite challenges like limited mental health professionals and stigma, NMHP has laid the foundation for mental health integration into general health systems and remains a key public health initiative.
Q4. How the healthcare system is improved by improving rural sanitation.
Ans:
Improving rural sanitation has a direct and positive impact on the overall healthcare system. Sanitation is closely linked to public health. In rural areas, poor sanitation leads to widespread communicable diseases like diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and parasitic infections. By improving sanitation, disease prevalence significantly reduces, thereby easing the burden on the healthcare infrastructure.
Key improvements include:
Reduction in Disease Burden: Proper waste disposal, clean toilets, and safe water sources reduce the incidence of water-borne and fecal-oral transmitted diseases.
Improved Maternal and Child Health: Sanitation affects reproductive health and hygiene. Clean facilities reduce infections in pregnant women and lower infant mortality rates.
Lower Healthcare Costs: Fewer disease outbreaks reduce government spending on medical treatment, allowing funds to be used for health education, infrastructure, and preventive programs.
Improved Nutrition and Growth: Sanitation helps in preventing diseases that impair nutrient absorption in children, such as worm infestations and diarrhea.
Behavioral Change and Health Education: Sanitation programs encourage handwashing, menstrual hygiene, and clean food practices, leading to better long-term health outcomes.
Programs like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Total Sanitation Campaign, and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan have emphasized the construction of toilets and awareness drives in rural India. Improved sanitation directly contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health and well-being. Hence, by addressing sanitation in rural areas, the healthcare system becomes more effective, sustainable, and equitable.
Q5. Write in detail a note on the National Tobacco Control Program.
Ans:
The National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP) was launched in 2007–08 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, to combat the rising tobacco epidemic in the country.
Objectives:
To increase awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco consumption.
To reduce the production and supply of tobacco products.
To help people quit tobacco use through cessation services.
To implement tobacco control laws effectively under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003.
Components of NTCP:
Establishment of Tobacco Cessation Centres (TCCs).
Training healthcare professionals in tobacco control.
Promoting public awareness through mass media campaigns.
Enforcement of tobacco control legislation (e.g., ban on smoking in public places, prohibition on advertising).
Integration of tobacco control activities with schools and workplaces.
Monitoring tobacco use and implementation of policies using Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).
Achievements:
Expansion of NTCP to more than 600 districts.
Ban on e-cigarettes under the Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2019.
Improved labeling and health warnings on tobacco products.
Reduced prevalence of tobacco use in some states due to effective awareness and enforcement.
Despite progress, challenges such as enforcement gaps, widespread use of smokeless tobacco, and cultural acceptance still exist. However, NTCP remains a cornerstone in reducing tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in India.
Q6. Describe the Universal Immunization Program and draw an immunization schedule chart.
Ans:
The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was launched in 1985 and is one of the largest public health initiatives in India. It aims to protect children and pregnant women against vaccine-preventable diseases.
Objectives:
To achieve high immunization coverage.
To reduce morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases.
To provide equitable and free immunization services.
Vaccines Provided Under UIP:
BCG (Tuberculosis)
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)
Hepatitis B
Measles
TT (Tetanus Toxoid)
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
Rotavirus, IPV, JE (in endemic areas), and PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)
Immunization Schedule Chart (as per Govt. of India):
Age | Vaccines |
At Birth | BCG, OPV-0, Hepatitis B-0 |
6 weeks | DPT-1, OPV-1, Hep B-1, Hib-1, Rotavirus-1, IPV-1 |
10 weeks | DPT-2, OPV-2, Hep B-2, Hib-2, Rotavirus-2, IPV-2 |
14 weeks | DPT-3, OPV-3, Hep B-3, Hib-3, Rotavirus-3 |
9-12 months | Measles/MR, JE-1, Vitamin A |
16-24 months | DPT booster-1, OPV booster, Measles-2, JE-2, Vitamin A dose 2 |
5-6 years | DPT booster-2 |
10 and 16 years | TT |
UIP plays a critical role in child survival and reducing under-five mortality. Monitoring cold chain management and community participation are vital for its success.
Q7. Write in detail the Pulse Polio Program.
Ans:
The Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI) program was launched by the Government of India in 1995 to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) by immunizing all children under the age of 5 years with Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), regardless of their previous immunization status.
Objectives:
To eradicate poliovirus transmission in India.
To achieve and maintain high population immunity.
To conduct intensive National Immunization Days (NIDs) and Sub-National Immunization Days (SNIDs).
Strategy:
Mass immunization of all children under 5 years during designated National Immunization Days.
Booth-based delivery system using health workers, volunteers, and teachers.
House-to-house surveillance and “mop-up” rounds in high-risk areas.
Monitoring and evaluation to ensure 100% coverage.
Achievements:
Last polio case reported in India: 13 January 2011 in West Bengal.
In 2014, India was declared polio-free by the WHO.
Strengthened cold chain and vaccine logistics system.
Created a model for public health mobilization and inter-sectoral coordination.
Ongoing Role:
Though India is polio-free, continued vigilance is necessary due to the risk of importation from endemic countries. The Pulse Polio Program continues in certain areas as a preventive measure.
The success of the PPI demonstrates the effectiveness of focused public health campaigns, mass awareness, and sustained political commitment in achieving health milestones.
Q8. Establish the food in relation to nutrition and health with different types of deficiencies and their prevention.
Ans:
Food plays a vital role in maintaining health, growth, and development. The nutrients obtained from food — carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals — are essential for energy, immunity, and normal functioning of body organs. Lack of these nutrients leads to nutritional deficiency diseases.
Major Deficiencies and Their Causes:
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): Inadequate intake of calories and protein causes conditions like Marasmus and Kwashiorkor in children.
Vitamin A Deficiency: Leads to night blindness and dry eyes.
Iron Deficiency: Causes anemia, especially in women and children.
Iodine Deficiency: Results in goiter and mental retardation in children.
Vitamin D Deficiency: Causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin B1 Deficiency: Causes beriberi.
Vitamin C Deficiency: Leads to scurvy.
Prevention:
Balanced Diet: Consuming a variety of foods including cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and meats.
Food Fortification: Iodized salt, fortified flour, and milk help reduce micronutrient deficiencies.
Supplementation Programs: Iron and folic acid tablets, vitamin A supplementation in children.
Government Programs: Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and National Nutritional Mission help combat malnutrition.
Nutrition Education: Awareness about food choices, hygiene, and breastfeeding can prevent deficiencies.
The relation between food, nutrition, and health is inseparable. Ensuring adequate nutrition through food is fundamental to public health, productivity, and national development.
Q9. Narrate National Family Welfare Program. Justify the need for national health intervention program for children and mothers in Indian context.
Ans:
The National Family Welfare Program was launched in 1951 and was the first of its kind globally. It aims to stabilize population growth and improve the reproductive health of individuals, particularly women.
Objectives:
Promote responsible and planned parenthood.
Reduce maternal and infant mortality rates.
Provide education and services for contraception and spacing.
Promote institutional deliveries and antenatal care.
Components:
Distribution of contraceptives (condoms, oral pills, IUCDs).
Sterilization services (tubectomy and vasectomy).
Maternal and child health services.
Immunization and nutrition support.
Health education and awareness campaigns.
Need for Health Intervention Programs for Mothers and Children:
High Maternal and Infant Mortality: Many maternal and child deaths are preventable with timely intervention.
Malnutrition: A major issue in children under 5 and pregnant women.
Anemia: Highly prevalent among women, affecting fetal development.
Low Institutional Deliveries: Increases complications and mortality.
Lack of Awareness: Leads to poor health-seeking behavior in rural populations.
Intervention Programs:
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Encourages institutional deliveries.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK): Early identification and management of childhood diseases.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Provides nutrition and education.
Mission Indradhanush: Immunization initiative.
These programs ensure comprehensive maternal and child care and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health.
Q10. Write short note on:
a. National Tobacco Control Programme
b. National Programme on Health Care for the Elderly
Ans:
a. National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP):
Launched in 2007–08, the NTCP aims to reduce tobacco use and the burden of tobacco-related diseases in India.
Key objectives include:
Public awareness about the health hazards of tobacco.
Enforcement of the COTPA Act, 2003.
Establishing Tobacco Cessation Centres (TCCs).
Promoting quit-line services and cessation therapy.
Implementing school-based awareness programs.
Supporting alternative livelihood programs for tobacco farmers.
NTCP has been instrumental in reducing tobacco usage rates and increasing awareness among youth through campaigns and statutory health warnings.
b. National Programme on Health Care for the Elderly (NPHCE):
Launched in 2010–11, the NPHCE aims to provide comprehensive and dedicated healthcare services to senior citizens (aged 60 and above).
Objectives include:
Providing accessible and affordable healthcare to the elderly at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Training healthcare professionals in geriatric care.
Health screening, diagnosis, and management of age-related diseases like arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease.
Establishing Geriatric Clinics and Regional Geriatric Centres in selected medical colleges.
Community outreach services via home visits and mobile medical units.
NPHCE plays a vital role in improving the quality of life for elderly individuals, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
Q11. Highlight the salient features of NMEP and Pulse Polio Programme.
Ans:
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP):
Originally started as the National Malaria Control Programme (1953), it became the NMEP in 1958. Its aim is to reduce malaria incidence and ultimately eradicate it.
Salient features:
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment using blood smear microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Kits (RDK).
Distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets.
Indoor residual spraying in endemic areas.
Larval control through environmental management.
Health education and community participation.
Surveillance to monitor and respond to outbreaks.
The program has significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality over the years.
Pulse Polio Programme (PPI):
Launched in 1995, this program aimed at total eradication of polio by providing Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to all children below 5 years.
Key features:
Conducting National Immunization Days (NIDs) and Sub-National Days (SNIDs).
Door-to-door immunization and tracking of missed children.
Strong involvement of NGOs, health workers, and volunteers.
Extensive IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) activities.
Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases.
Due to this program, India was declared polio-free in 2014, a major public health success.
Q12. Explain in detail the HIV and AIDS Control Programme.
Ans:
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) was launched in 1992 to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and provide care and support to those infected. It is implemented by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) under the Ministry of Health.
Goals:
Prevent new HIV infections.
Provide comprehensive care, support, and treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS.
Eliminate mother-to-child transmission.
Reduce stigma and discrimination.
Key Strategies:
Awareness Campaigns: IEC campaigns promote safe sex practices, use of condoms, and reduction of stigma.
Testing and Counselling: Establishment of Integrated Counselling and Testing Centres (ICTCs).
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Free ART is provided to infected individuals.
Targeted Interventions: Focused programs for high-risk groups like sex workers, truck drivers, MSM (men who have sex with men), and IV drug users.
Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT): Screening pregnant women and providing ART to prevent vertical transmission.
Blood Safety: Screening of all donated blood to prevent HIV transmission.
Social Support: Programs to address stigma and provide psychological counseling.
Achievements:
Decline in new infections by over 50% since 2000.
Reduced AIDS-related deaths.
Expanded ART coverage and increased awareness.
NACP is currently in Phase-V, focusing on integrating HIV services with general health systems and achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 goals (diagnose 95% of HIV cases, treat 95%, and suppress viral load in 95% by 2030).
Q13. Enumerate different socio-cultural factors related to health and disease with impact of urbanization on health and disease.
Ans:
Health is not influenced by biological factors alone. Socio-cultural factors play a significant role in determining health behaviors, access to healthcare, and disease outcomes. These factors can influence both the onset and management of illnesses.
Socio-cultural factors affecting health:
Education: Educated individuals are more aware of hygiene, nutrition, and preventive health measures.
Cultural beliefs and practices: Certain traditional practices, food taboos, and home remedies may delay proper medical care.
Socioeconomic status: Poverty leads to undernutrition, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare.
Religious beliefs: These may influence vaccination, organ donation, or choice of treatment.
Gender roles: In many societies, women and children have restricted access to healthcare due to social norms.
Occupational hazards: Certain jobs may expose people to physical or chemical risks leading to chronic illnesses.
Impact of Urbanization on Health:
Urbanization leads to migration from rural to urban areas in search of better livelihood. While it offers healthcare facilities and job opportunities, it also introduces new health challenges.
Overcrowding leads to poor housing, increased transmission of infections like tuberculosis.
Pollution (air, water, noise) contributes to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and stress-related disorders.
Sedentary lifestyle and fast food consumption increases the prevalence of non-communicable diseases like diabetes and obesity.
Mental health issues due to job stress, social isolation, and competition are rising in urban areas.
Unplanned urban development often lacks proper sanitation and waste disposal, increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases like dengue and malaria.
Thus, socio-cultural and urban environmental factors must be considered in planning effective public health strategies.
Q14. Write a note on hygiene and health.
Ans:
Hygiene refers to the practices and conditions that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases. It encompasses personal, domestic, food, and environmental hygiene. Hygiene is directly linked to disease prevention and overall health improvement.
Types of Hygiene:
Personal hygiene: Includes daily bathing, brushing teeth, handwashing, menstrual hygiene, and wearing clean clothes.
Food hygiene: Refers to safe food handling, proper cooking, and clean utensils to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Home and environmental hygiene: Involves maintaining clean surroundings, proper waste disposal, and safe drinking water.
Occupational hygiene: Ensures a safe and clean working environment.
Importance of Hygiene for Health:
Prevents communicable diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and skin infections.
Promotes mental and social well-being by improving self-esteem and social interactions.
Prevents infestation by lice, scabies, and worms.
Reduces the disease burden and healthcare costs for individuals and the community.
Essential in controlling disease outbreaks and pandemics, such as COVID-19.
Government Initiatives:
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan promotes cleanliness and sanitation.
School Health Programs emphasize hygiene education.
Distribution of hygiene kits during public health campaigns.
Hygiene is a basic yet powerful tool in public health. Regular hygiene practices not only improve individual health but also contribute to a cleaner and healthier society.
Q15. Write short note on (Any two):
a. HIV and AIDS Control Programme
b. Functions of PHC
c. WHO in Indian national programmes
Ans:
a. HIV and AIDS Control Programme:
As covered earlier, the National AIDS Control Programme aims at prevention, testing, treatment (ART), and awareness about HIV/AIDS. It targets high-risk groups and general populations through ICTCs, school programs, and health campaigns.
b. Functions of PHC (Primary Health Centre):
PHCs are the cornerstone of rural healthcare delivery in India.
Provide maternal and child health services
Conduct immunization and family planning programs
Manage common illnesses and chronic diseases
Health education and awareness
Preventive, promotive, curative, and referral services
PHCs ensure the delivery of healthcare at grassroots level and reduce the load on tertiary hospitals.
c. WHO in Indian National Programmes:
The World Health Organization (WHO) collaborates with the Government of India in formulating and supporting national health programs like:
Polio eradication through technical and surveillance support
Tuberculosis control (RNTCP)
Universal Immunization Program
Disease surveillance (IDSP)
Maternal and child health programs
WHO plays a critical role in providing guidelines, training, and monitoring for successful program implementation.
Social and Preventive Pharmacy Long Question Answers [10- Marks]
Q1. Write in detail the principle of prevention and control of malaria and chikungunya.
Ans:
Malaria and Chikungunya are mosquito-borne diseases that significantly affect public health in tropical and subtropical regions like India. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, while Chikungunya is caused by the Chikungunya virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
General Principles of Prevention and Control:
Vector Control:
Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides.
Environmental control: Elimination of stagnant water to prevent mosquito breeding.
Use of larvicides and biological agents (e.g., larvivorous fish).
Personal Protective Measures:
Wearing long sleeves and protective clothing.
Use of mosquito repellents and nets.
Use of mosquito screens in homes.
Early Detection and Prompt Treatment:
For malaria, early diagnosis is essential using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).
Treatment with ACT (Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy) is recommended for Plasmodium falciparum.
Chikungunya has no specific antiviral treatment; management is symptomatic (pain relievers, hydration).
Health Education and Community Participation:
Educating people about mosquito breeding sites and protective measures.
Community-based surveillance and cleaning drives.
Surveillance and Monitoring:
Regular surveillance of vector density and disease incidence.
Use of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) to track cases.
National Programs:
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is the nodal agency in India for malaria and chikungunya control.
It includes malaria elimination goals (targeting 2030) and strengthening public awareness.
In conclusion, effective control of malaria and chikungunya requires integrated vector management, prompt treatment, active surveillance, and community cooperation. Emphasizing prevention at the household and community level plays a key role in reducing transmission and morbidity.
Q2. Write a detailed note on the National Program for the Control of Blindness.
Ans:
The National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) was launched in 1976 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. It aims to reduce the prevalence of blindness and provide accessible, equitable, and quality eye care to all citizens.
Objectives:
Reduce the prevalence of blindness to 0.3% by 2025.
Provide comprehensive and universal eye care services.
Strengthen service delivery at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Expand the reach of eye health programs through public-private partnerships.
Increase public awareness about eye health and prevention of blindness.
Key Activities and Interventions:
Cataract Surgery:
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India.
Free cataract operations are conducted with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation under the scheme.
School Eye Screening Programme:
Identifying and providing free spectacles to children with refractive errors.
Training school teachers and health workers for early detection.
Strengthening Eye Care Infrastructure:
Setting up of Vision Centres at PHCs and Community Health Centres (CHCs).
Equipping medical colleges and district hospitals with ophthalmic equipment.
Eye Donation and Corneal Transplantation:
Promoting voluntary eye donation through campaigns.
Strengthening eye banks for corneal blindness treatment.
Training and Capacity Building:
Training ophthalmologists, ophthalmic assistants, and community health workers.
Outcomes and Achievements:
Over 60 million cataract surgeries conducted since inception.
Distribution of free spectacles to lakhs of school children.
Improved availability of eye care services in rural areas.
Reduction in blindness prevalence from 1.49% (1976) to 0.36% (2020).
Challenges:
Unequal access to eye care in remote areas.
Limited awareness about eye health.
Dependence on NGOs and private sector for cataract surgeries.
In conclusion, the NPCBVI plays a crucial role in combating avoidable blindness in India. Continued support, infrastructure development, and awareness programs are essential to achieving the goal of "Vision 2025" and universal eye health.
Q3. Explain socio-cultural factors and the impact of urbanization on health and disease.
Ans:
Socio-cultural factors and urbanization have a significant influence on health behaviors, disease prevalence, and healthcare accessibility. Understanding these determinants is essential for designing effective public health interventions.
Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Health:
Education:
Educated individuals are more likely to adopt hygienic practices and seek medical care.
Religion and Beliefs:
Certain religious practices may impact dietary habits, vaccination acceptance, or healthcare-seeking behavior.
Gender Roles:
Women in many communities have limited autonomy in seeking healthcare.
Customs and Traditions:
Use of traditional healers and delay in modern treatment leads to complications.
Socioeconomic Status:
Poor populations have higher exposure to diseases and limited access to healthcare.
Impact of Urbanization on Health:
Urbanization brings both advantages and disadvantages to public health.
Positive Impacts:
Better access to healthcare facilities.
Increased availability of specialists and diagnostics.
Improved education and awareness.
Negative Impacts:
Overcrowding and Poor Housing:
Leads to spread of infections like tuberculosis and respiratory illnesses.
Pollution:
Air and noise pollution contribute to asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and hearing issues.
Lifestyle Diseases:
Urban lifestyle increases risks of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity due to sedentary habits and fast food consumption.
Mental Health Issues:
Stress, anxiety, and depression are rising due to competitive lifestyles.
Water and Sanitation Issues:
Unplanned urban growth leads to poor sanitation and outbreaks of vector-borne diseases like dengue and malaria.
Conclusion:
Health and disease are shaped by a complex interplay of social, cultural, and environmental factors. Urbanization brings healthcare access but also new health risks. Public health planning must account for these challenges through education, improved infrastructure, and culturally sensitive interventions.
Q4. What are general principles of prevention and control of disease? Explain in detail with special reference to cholera and pneumonia.
Ans:
The prevention and control of diseases rely on certain general principles that help in reducing disease incidence, spread, and impact on society. These principles are applicable to both communicable and non-communicable diseases and are particularly relevant in public health planning.
General Principles of Disease Prevention and Control:
Health Promotion:
Educating the public about healthy behaviors (e.g., hygiene, nutrition, exercise).
Immunization and awareness programs.
Specific Protection:
Use of vaccines, prophylactic drugs, and personal protective equipment.
Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment:
Screening programs and early medical intervention to reduce disease complications.
Limiting Disability:
Rehabilitation services and physiotherapy to minimize long-term effects.
Surveillance and Monitoring:
Keeping track of disease trends for early outbreak detection and timely action.
Application to Cholera:
Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water.
Prevention:
Ensure clean drinking water and sanitation.
Promote handwashing and food hygiene.
Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) in endemic areas.
Control:
Isolation of patients and prompt treatment with rehydration therapy (ORS and IV fluids).
Community education on boiling water and avoiding open defecation.
Surveillance for rapid response to outbreaks.
Application to Pneumonia:
Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses, or fungi.
Prevention:
Immunization with pneumococcal and Hib vaccines.
Avoiding exposure to smoke and pollution.
Exclusive breastfeeding in infants to boost immunity.
Control:
Early diagnosis and antibiotic therapy.
Promoting cough etiquette and hygiene.
Improve ventilation in living areas.
Conclusion:
The control of diseases like cholera and pneumonia requires a comprehensive approach including public awareness, vaccination, environmental sanitation, and healthcare services. The principles of prevention must be integrated into national health programs for maximum impact.
Q5. What are the functions of PHC? Elaborate community services in rural areas with improvement in sanitation with health promotion activities in school.
Ans:
A Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the cornerstone of rural healthcare in India. It provides integrated preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services to the community. Each PHC typically serves a population of about 30,000 in plain areas and 20,000 in hilly areas.
Functions of PHC:
Medical Care:
Treatment of minor illnesses and injuries.
Management of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Maternal and Child Health Services:
Antenatal and postnatal care, institutional deliveries, immunizations.
Family Planning Services:
Contraceptive distribution, sterilization, and counseling.
Disease Control Programs:
Implementation of national programs (e.g., TB, malaria, leprosy control).
Health Education:
Promoting hygiene, nutrition, sanitation, and preventive health behavior.
Referral Services:
Referring complicated cases to higher centers (CHCs/District Hospitals).
Community Services in Rural Areas:
Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs):
Mobilize community participation in health planning.
Monitor nutrition, water, and sanitation issues.
Outreach Activities:
Conducting regular health camps.
Home visits by ASHA workers and ANMs.
Improving Sanitation:
Promoting use of household toilets under Swachh Bharat Mission.
Encouraging waste disposal, clean water, and personal hygiene.
Health Promotion Activities in Schools:
School Health Program:
Regular health check-ups and treatment.
Distribution of iron-folic acid tablets, deworming, and vaccinations.
Health Education Sessions:
Teaching hygiene practices, nutrition awareness, and reproductive health.
Involving Teachers as Health Promoters:
Train teachers to identify early signs of illness and refer students.
Conclusion:
PHCs act as a backbone of rural health infrastructure. Their role in sanitation, education, and health promotion—especially in schools—significantly improves the health standards of rural communities and ensures early disease prevention and control.
Q6. Explain in detail about different national health programs with their objective, functioning and outcomes with special reference to National Leprosy Control Programme.
Ans:
India has launched various National Health Programs (NHPs) to tackle priority health problems and improve public health outcomes. These programs are designed to offer preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services for communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Major National Health Programs:
National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP): Aims for TB elimination by 2025 through early detection and free treatment.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): Targets diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya.
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP): Provides free vaccines to all children.
National AIDS Control Programme (NACP): Focuses on prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS).
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP): Detailed below.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP):
Objective:
Eliminate leprosy as a public health problem (less than 1 case per 10,000 population).
Provide early detection and complete treatment to avoid disabilities.
Functioning:
Case detection: Through house-to-house visits and school health screenings.
Treatment: WHO-recommended Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) is provided free of cost.
Disability Prevention: Regular follow-up, physiotherapy, and reconstructive surgery.
IEC Activities: Information, education, and communication to reduce stigma.
Involvement of ASHA and ANM: Ensures better outreach and follow-up.
Recent Strategies:
Sparsh Leprosy Awareness Campaign (SLAC): A nationwide initiative to spread awareness.
Leprosy Case Detection Campaigns (LCDC): Mass campaigns in endemic regions.
Nikusth Portal: For case monitoring and program tracking.
Outcomes:
Leprosy prevalence reduced significantly.
Visible deformities and stigma still exist, requiring further efforts.
Continued surveillance and awareness are necessary.
Conclusion:
National Health Programs have significantly contributed to India’s health improvements. The National Leprosy Eradication Programme has brought down cases but continued community involvement, early detection, and reducing stigma remain key to complete eradication.
Q7. Define concepts and evaluation of public health with understanding of prevention and control of disease.
Ans:
Public Health is defined as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts. It is concerned not only with individual health but also with the health of populations.
Concepts of Public Health:
Preventive Care: Prevention of diseases before they occur (vaccination, sanitation).
Promotive Care: Promotion of healthy lifestyles and environments.
Curative Care: Providing treatment to those who are ill.
Rehabilitative Care: Helping individuals regain optimal health post-illness.
Social Determinants: Recognizing that health is influenced by income, education, environment, etc.
Evaluation of Public Health:
Evaluation refers to assessing the effectiveness, reach, and outcomes of public health interventions and programs. It involves:
Input Evaluation: Assessing resources (staff, funding, infrastructure).
Process Evaluation: Checking how programs are implemented.
Output Evaluation: Measuring activities (e.g., number of vaccinations).
Outcome Evaluation: Assessing impact on health indicators (e.g., reduction in TB incidence).
Indicators Used:
Mortality and morbidity rates
Life expectancy
Infant and maternal mortality
Immunization coverage
Disease prevalence rates
Understanding Disease Prevention and Control:
Primary Prevention:
Avoid disease occurrence. (e.g., immunization, clean water supply)
Secondary Prevention:
Early diagnosis and treatment. (e.g., screening for TB or cancer)
Tertiary Prevention:
Limiting disability and rehabilitation. (e.g., physiotherapy post-stroke)
Example - Disease Control:
For cholera: clean water, sanitation, ORS therapy.
For pneumonia: pneumococcal vaccine, antibiotics, avoiding air pollution.
Conclusion:
Public health is a comprehensive approach that includes preventive and promotive aspects to control diseases in populations. Its evaluation helps in guiding policy-making and ensuring effectiveness. Understanding disease dynamics and intervention strategies is essential for maintaining public well-being.
Q8. What are general principles of prevention and control of disease? Illustrate with suitable examples from Ebola virus and Pneumonia.
Ans:
The prevention and control of diseases aim to reduce morbidity and mortality through comprehensive strategies. These are classified into levels of prevention, supported by public health infrastructure and community engagement.
General Principles of Disease Prevention and Control:
Primary Prevention:
Prevent disease occurrence by addressing risk factors.
Examples: vaccination, hygiene, sanitation, vector control, safe sex practices.
Secondary Prevention:
Early detection and prompt treatment to halt disease progression.
Examples: screening, health check-ups, diagnostic tests.
Tertiary Prevention:
Limit disability and promote rehabilitation after disease has occurred.
Examples: physiotherapy, lifestyle modifications, support groups.
Health Promotion:
Encouraging healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, exercise, and mental well-being.
Surveillance and Monitoring:
Detecting outbreaks early through disease surveillance and health reporting.
Public Health Education:
Awareness about symptoms, prevention, and treatment.
Example 1: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Transmission: Direct contact with blood or body fluids of infected individuals.
Primary Prevention:
Isolation of infected persons.
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Avoiding bushmeat and unsafe burials.
Secondary Prevention:
Early detection via RT-PCR tests.
Prompt supportive care to improve survival.
Tertiary Prevention:
Rehabilitation of survivors, psychological support.
Reintegration programs to fight stigma.
Example 2: Pneumonia
Caused by: Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses, or fungi.
Primary Prevention:
Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines.
Avoiding smoking and exposure to air pollutants.
Secondary Prevention:
Prompt diagnosis through chest X-ray and sputum tests.
Early antibiotic or antiviral therapy.
Tertiary Prevention:
Respiratory physiotherapy for chronic cases.
Nutritional support and oxygen therapy if required.
Conclusion:
Disease prevention and control require a multidisciplinary and multi-level approach. From vaccines to early treatment and rehabilitation, interventions must be context-specific. With diseases like Ebola and pneumonia, proactive community involvement, awareness, and timely medical action are essential to reduce disease burden.
Q9. What is ‘National Family Welfare Programme’? Explain in detail national health intervention programme for mother and child.
Ans:
The National Family Welfare Programme (NFWP), launched in 1951, was the first national population control initiative in the world. It aimed at promoting small family norms and improving the overall health of families through planned and responsible parenthood.
Objectives of NFWP:
Stabilize population growth in line with economic development.
Promote use of contraceptives and spacing methods.
Improve maternal and child health (MCH).
Reduce infant and maternal mortality rates.
Strategies:
Distribution of oral pills, condoms, IUDs.
Voluntary sterilization (vasectomy/tubectomy).
Health education and counseling services.
Training of health workers in family planning services.
Integration with Maternal and Child Health (MCH):
Family welfare and MCH services are integrated to ensure the survival and health of mothers and children through various intervention programs:
National Health Intervention Programs for Mother and Child:
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):
Encourages institutional deliveries.
Offers financial incentives to mothers and ASHA workers.
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK):
Provides free delivery, C-section, diagnostics, transport, and medications.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS):
Provides supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, pre-school education.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK):
Early identification and intervention for diseases and developmental delays in children.
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA):
Provides assured antenatal care to pregnant women on the 9th of every month.
Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS):
IT-enabled platform to ensure service delivery and follow-up.
Mission Indradhanush:
Boosts immunization coverage to 90% by targeting unvaccinated children.
Conclusion:
The NFWP, supported by maternal and child health programs, plays a pivotal role in achieving population stabilization and improving health indicators. These interventions ensure a safe pregnancy, healthy birth, and proper child development, particularly in rural and underserved communities.
Q10. Enumerate different socio-cultural factors related to health and disease with impact of urbanization on health and disease.
Ans:
Health and disease are influenced not only by biological factors but also significantly by socio-cultural and environmental elements, including lifestyle, education, income, and urban development. Understanding these factors helps in designing effective public health strategies.
Socio-Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease:
Education and Literacy:
Higher education improves health awareness, personal hygiene, and use of health services.
Low literacy leads to poor health-seeking behavior.
Customs and Beliefs:
Religious practices can influence food choices, pregnancy care, or vaccination acceptance.
Stigma around diseases like HIV/AIDS and leprosy discourages treatment.
Economic Status:
Poverty limits access to nutritious food, healthcare, and safe housing.
Wealth inequality leads to disparities in healthcare access.
Dietary Habits:
Cultural diets may either improve or worsen nutritional status (e.g., vegetarianism, fast-food culture).
Occupation:
Certain jobs expose individuals to occupational hazards (e.g., miners to respiratory diseases).
Gender Roles:
In many societies, women receive less healthcare and nutrition, increasing maternal and child mortality.
Marital and Family Systems:
Early marriage, large families, and lack of birth spacing lead to reproductive health issues.
Impact of Urbanization on Health and Disease:
Urbanization is the process where rural populations migrate to cities. While it offers better services, it also brings challenges.
Positive Impacts:
Better healthcare infrastructure.
Improved sanitation in planned urban areas.
Greater access to education and health awareness.
Negative Impacts:
Overcrowding:
Leads to slum development, poor hygiene, and higher communicable disease risk (e.g., tuberculosis).
Pollution:
Air and water pollution cause respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and skin problems.
Lifestyle Changes:
Increased consumption of junk food, physical inactivity, and stress leads to lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.
Mental Health Issues:
Urban stress, unemployment, and social isolation increase depression and anxiety disorders.
Infectious Disease Spread:
High population density promotes faster spread of diseases (e.g., COVID-19).
Conclusion:
Socio-cultural factors and urbanization deeply influence individual and community health. Public health policies must consider these determinants to effectively address both infectious and non-communicable diseases in diverse populations.
Q11. Establish the food in relation to nutrition and health, with different types of deficiencies and their prevention.
Ans:
Food and nutrition play a critical role in maintaining health and preventing diseases. A balanced diet ensures optimal physical and mental development, strengthens immunity, and reduces the risk of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Relationship between Food, Nutrition, and Health:
Nutrition is the science of food and how it affects the body’s growth, metabolism, and repair.
A balanced diet provides the right amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Deficiency or excess of nutrients leads to various diseases.
Types of Nutritional Deficiencies and Prevention:
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM):
Includes Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
Caused by lack of protein and calories.
Prevention: Breastfeeding, weaning foods, mid-day meal schemes.
Vitamin Deficiencies:
Vitamin A: Night blindness. Prevention: Green leafy vegetables, carrots, liver oil.
Vitamin D: Rickets. Prevention: Sunlight exposure, dairy products, fortified milk.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Beriberi. Prevention: Whole grains, pulses.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Pellagra. Prevention: Meat, fish, groundnuts.
Vitamin C: Scurvy. Prevention: Citrus fruits, tomatoes.
Mineral Deficiencies:
Iron: Anemia. Prevention: Green leafy vegetables, iron-folic acid tablets (IFA).
Iodine: Goiter. Prevention: Iodized salt.
Calcium: Bone disorders. Prevention: Milk, eggs, green vegetables.
Obesity and Overnutrition:
Excess calorie intake leads to diabetes, heart disease.
Prevention: Portion control, regular physical activity.
Government Initiatives for Nutrition:
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Supplementary nutrition for children and mothers.
Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Free lunches in schools to enhance nutrition.
National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI): Iron supplementation to reduce anemia.
Poshan Abhiyaan (Nutrition Mission): Combats malnutrition through convergence of services.
Conclusion:
Nutrition is a cornerstone of health. Educating the public about balanced diets and ensuring access to nutritious food can prevent most deficiency-related illnesses and promote a healthier population.
Q12. Write short note on (Any two):
a. HIV and AIDS control programme
b. Functions of PHC
c. WHO in Indian national programmes
Ans:
a. HIV and AIDS Control Programme:
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) is India’s strategic response to HIV/AIDS, launched in 1992. The NACO (National AIDS Control Organization) oversees this program.
Objectives:
Reduce new HIV infections.
Provide universal access to treatment and care.
Reduce stigma and discrimination.
Key Components:
Free ART (Antiretroviral Therapy).
Condom promotion and blood safety.
ICTC (Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres).
Awareness campaigns and youth education.
b. Functions of PHC (Primary Health Centre):
PHCs are the cornerstone of rural healthcare in India.
Functions Include:
Immunization and maternal-child health services.
Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases.
Health education and family planning services.
Implementation of national health programs.
Water quality testing and sanitation promotion.
Record-keeping and referral to higher centers.
c. WHO in Indian National Programmes:
WHO collaborates with the Indian government in various health sectors.
Major Contributions:
Technical support for polio eradication.
Assistance in tuberculosis (RNTCP) and leprosy programs.
Helped in designing COVID-19 surveillance systems.
Provides training, capacity building, and research guidance.
B.Pharmacy 8th Semester Social and Preventive Pharmacy Important Question Answer
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