B.Pharm 8th Semester Cosmetic Science Important Question Answer
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| Cosmetic Science Important Question Answer |
Cosmetic Science Very Short Question Answers {2-Marks}
Q1. Define SPF.
Ans: SPF stands for Sun Protection Factor. It indicates the level of protection a sunscreen provides against UVB rays. For example, SPF 15 means the sunscreen allows you to stay in the sun 15 times longer without getting sunburned compared to unprotected skin.
Q2. Write the names of two common problems associated with teeth and gums.
Ans:
Dental caries (tooth decay)
Gingivitis (inflammation of gums)
Q3. Describe prickly heat.
Ans: Prickly heat, also called miliaria, is a skin condition caused by blocked sweat glands, leading to small, itchy red bumps or rashes, usually in hot and humid conditions. It commonly affects areas like the neck, back, and chest.
Q4. What are mouthwashes?
Ans: Mouthwashes are liquid oral care products used to rinse the mouth. They help in reducing oral bacteria, freshening breath, and preventing dental plaque and gum disease.
Q5. What is the role of Neem & Clove in oral care products?
Ans:
Neem acts as an antibacterial agent and helps in reducing plaque and bad breath.
Clove contains eugenol, which has analgesic and antiseptic properties useful in relieving toothache and maintaining gum health.
Q6. Differentiate between shampoo and conditioner.
Ans:
Shampoo is used to clean hair and scalp by removing dirt, oil, and buildup.
Conditioner is used after shampooing to moisturize, detangle, and smoothen the hair, making it soft and manageable.
Q7. Write the names of various preservatives used in cosmetics.
Ans:
Parabens (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben)
Phenoxyethanol
Benzyl alcohol
Formaldehyde releasers (e.g., DMDM hydantoin)
Q8. What are the skin benefits of aloe and turmeric?
Ans:
Aloe vera has moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Turmeric has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that help in skin brightening and acne reduction.
Q9. Define cosmetics with examples.
Ans: Cosmetics are products applied to the body, especially the face, to improve appearance or odor.
Examples: Lipstick, shampoo, foundation, deodorant, face cream.
Q10. Write various applications of humectants.
Ans: Humectants attract and retain moisture from the environment. Applications include:
Moisturizers
Shampoos and conditioners
Lip balms
Lotions and creams
Q11. Oral care products
Ans: Oral care products are formulations used to maintain oral hygiene. Examples include:
Toothpaste
Mouthwashes
Dental floss
Tooth powders
Q12. BIS specifications and analytical methods for shampoo
Ans: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifies parameters for shampoo such as pH (between 4.5–6.5), viscosity, and active content. Analytical methods include:
pH determination using a pH meter
Viscosity measurement using Brookfield viscometer
Foaming and detergent ability tests
Q13. Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics
Ans: Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with bioactive ingredients offering therapeutic benefits. They evolved from basic cosmetics by incorporating actives like peptides, vitamins, and plant extracts for anti-aging, skin brightening, and acne control.
Q14. Hair care preparations
Ans: Hair care preparations include a wide range of products for cleaning, conditioning, styling, and treating hair. Examples:
Shampoos
Conditioners
Hair oils
Hair serums
Hair masks and dyes
Cosmetic Science Short Question Answers {5-Marks}
Q1. Define and classify surfactants with examples. Write applications of surfactants.
Ans: Surfactants, or surface-active agents, are compounds that reduce surface or interfacial tension between two phases such as liquid-liquid or liquid-solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (oil-loving) parts, allowing them to interact with both water and oils.
Classification of surfactants:
Anionic surfactants: Carry a negative charge.
Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate
Cationic surfactants: Carry a positive charge.
Example: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
Nonionic surfactants: No charge; mild and less irritant.
Example: Tween 80
Ampholytic/Zwitterionic surfactants: Possess both positive and negative charges depending on pH.
Example: Cocamidopropyl betaine
Applications of surfactants:
Cleansing agents: In shampoos, soaps, face washes
Emulsifying agents: In creams and lotions to stabilize oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions
Wetting agents: To enhance spreading and penetration of products on the skin or hair
Foaming agents: In toothpaste and shaving foams
Solubilizers: Used to dissolve fragrances and essential oils in aqueous formulations
Q2. What is facewash? Enlist the ingredients used in face wash.
Ans: Facewash is a mild cleansing product formulated to remove dirt, oil, sweat, makeup, and impurities from the face without causing dryness or irritation. It is specially designed for facial skin, maintaining its pH balance and freshness.
Common ingredients in face wash:
Surfactants (Cleansing agents): Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine
Moisturizers: Glycerin, propylene glycol, panthenol
Conditioners: Aloe vera extract, allantoin
Exfoliants (if present): Salicylic acid, glycolic acid, microbeads
Antibacterial agents: Triclosan, neem extract, tea tree oil
Fragrances and preservatives: Methylparaben, phenoxyethanol
pH adjusters: Citric acid, sodium hydroxide
Face washes are available for different skin types such as oily, dry, acne-prone, and sensitive skin.
Q3. Differentiate between cold cream and vanishing cream.
Ans:
Parameter | Cold Cream | Vanishing Cream |
Base type | Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion | Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion |
Texture | Thick, greasy | Light, non-greasy |
Main use | Used in winters to moisturize dry skin | Used to reduce oiliness and smooth skin |
Appearance | Opaque, heavy | Translucent, disappears after application |
Ingredients | Beeswax, mineral oil, borax, lanolin | Stearic acid, potassium hydroxide, glycerin |
Feel on skin | Leaves oily residue | Matte finish |
Cold creams are more suitable for dry skin while vanishing creams are best for oily skin.
Q4. Explain mechanism of action of antiperspirants and deodorants.
Ans:
Antiperspirants act by blocking sweat glands to reduce perspiration. They contain aluminum or zirconium salts which form a temporary plug within sweat ducts. This plug prevents sweat from reaching the skin surface, thereby controlling body odor due to less sweat production.
Mechanism:
Aluminum compounds precipitate with proteins in the sweat ducts.
The resultant gel forms a plug that narrows or blocks the duct temporarily.
As less sweat reaches the skin, microbial activity and odor are reduced.
Deodorants, on the other hand, do not reduce sweat but mask or eliminate odor caused by bacterial breakdown of sweat. They contain antimicrobial agents (like triclosan or alcohol) that kill odor-causing bacteria and fragrances to provide a fresh scent.
Difference:
Antiperspirants control sweating; deodorants control odor.
Antiperspirants contain aluminum salts; deodorants often don’t.
Q5. Write a brief note on various excipients used in cosmetics.
Ans: Excipients are non-active ingredients added in cosmetic formulations to enhance product performance, stability, and user experience. Common excipients include:
Emulsifiers: Help mix oil and water phases (e.g., stearic acid, polysorbates)
Preservatives: Prevent microbial contamination (e.g., parabens, phenoxyethanol)
Humectants: Attract moisture to skin (e.g., glycerin, sorbitol)
Thickening agents: Provide consistency (e.g., carbomers, cetyl alcohol)
Fragrances and colorants: Improve aesthetic appeal
Antioxidants: Prevent oxidative degradation (e.g., tocopherol, BHT)
pH adjusters: Maintain formulation pH (e.g., citric acid, NaOH)
These excipients are selected based on product type (cream, gel, lotion) and target skin compatibility.
Q6. Write in detail about evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics.
Ans:
Cosmeceuticals are hybrid products that combine cosmetics with pharmaceutical benefits. While traditional cosmetics only enhance appearance (e.g., lipstick, foundation), cosmeceuticals provide both aesthetic and therapeutic effects, such as anti-aging, anti-acne, and skin brightening.
Evolution Overview:
Traditional cosmetics: Limited to superficial enhancement—no impact on skin biology.
Demand for functional products: Consumer preference shifted towards products with active ingredients that improve skin texture, tone, and health.
Incorporation of actives: Ingredients like retinoids, alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs), peptides, and plant extracts were added.
Scientific backing: With research and dermatological support, cosmeceuticals began to be recognized for their biological activity without being classified as drugs.
Examples of cosmeceutical ingredients:
Vitamin C: Antioxidant and skin brightener
Retinol: Anti-aging and wrinkle-reducing
Niacinamide: Reduces hyperpigmentation and inflammation
Peptides: Stimulate collagen synthesis
Cosmeceuticals now bridge the gap between beauty and health, with dermatologists often recommending them for preventive and corrective skincare.
Q7. Give the symptoms and treatment of dry skin.
Ans:
Symptoms of dry skin (Xerosis):
Tightness or discomfort, especially after washing
Rough, flaky or scaly skin
Itching (pruritus)
Cracks or fine lines
Redness and inflammation in severe cases
Causes:
Low humidity and cold weather
Harsh soaps and over-washing
Aging
Certain medical conditions (eczema, psoriasis)
Treatment:
Moisturizers: Use occlusive (e.g., petroleum jelly), humectant (e.g., glycerin), and emollient (e.g., lanolin) based moisturizers
Gentle cleansers: Mild, soap-free cleansers that don’t strip natural oils
Avoid hot water: Lukewarm water should be used
Hydration: Adequate fluid intake
Ointments and creams: Thick formulations provide better skin barrier protection
In chronic cases, dermatological treatment with prescription creams or corticosteroids may be required.
Q8. Discuss in detail various cosmetic problems associated with hair and skin.
Ans:
Common Hair Problems:
Dandruff: Flaking of the scalp due to fungal growth or dryness
Hair fall: May be due to genetics, stress, or poor scalp health
Split ends and breakage: Caused by excessive heat styling or harsh products
Greasy hair: Due to overproduction of sebum
Frizz and dryness: Caused by environmental damage or lack of conditioning
Common Skin Problems:
Acne: Caused by blocked pores, excess oil, and bacterial growth
Hyperpigmentation: Uneven skin tone or dark patches
Dryness or flakiness: Due to environmental or internal factors
Sunburn and tanning: UV damage
Wrinkles and premature aging: Due to collagen loss and free radicals
Management: Use of suitable cosmetic formulations such as anti-dandruff shampoos, anti-acne face washes, moisturizers, and sunscreens along with proper hygiene and a balanced diet.
Q9. What do you mean by deodorant? How does an antiperspirant work? How is this different from a deodorant? Suggest some examples of commonly used antiperspirants.
Ans:
Deodorant: A product used to mask or eliminate body odor caused by bacterial decomposition of sweat, especially in the underarms. It does not stop sweating.
Antiperspirant: A product that reduces or stops sweating by blocking sweat glands using aluminum-based compounds.
Mechanism of antiperspirant:
Aluminum salts react with sweat proteins to form a gel plug
This plug blocks the sweat ducts temporarily
As less sweat reaches the surface, odor is minimized
Difference:
Aspect | Deodorant | Antiperspirant |
Controls sweat | ❌ No | ✅ Yes |
Controls odor | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes (indirectly) |
Active ingredients | Antibacterial agents, fragrance | Aluminum or zirconium salts |
Examples of antiperspirants:
Aluminum chlorohydrate
Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex GLY
Drysol (brand containing aluminum chloride)
Cosmetic Science Long Question Answers {10-Marks}
Q1. Ans: Define Cosmetics as per Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Discuss in detail various classification of cosmetics. Provide a neat chart.
Definition as per Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940:
According to Section 3(aaa) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, "Cosmetic means any article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into, or otherwise applied to, the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, and includes any article intended for use as a component of cosmetic."
This definition clearly excludes products intended for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases.
Classification of Cosmetics:
Cosmetics can be classified based on the site of application, purpose, and nature of ingredients.
A. Based on Site of Application:
Category | Examples |
Skin cosmetics | Creams, lotions, face powders |
Hair cosmetics | Shampoos, hair oils, dyes |
Oral cosmetics | Toothpaste, mouthwash |
Eye cosmetics | Eyeliner, mascara, eye shadow |
Nail cosmetics | Nail polish, nail remover |
Lips cosmetics | Lipstick, lip balm |
Perfumes/Deodorants | Body sprays, roll-ons |
B. Based on Function:
Function Type | Examples |
Cleansing agents | Face wash, shampoo |
Moisturizing agents | Cold cream, body lotion |
Makeup products | Foundation, compact, lipstick |
Fragrance products | Perfume, deodorant |
Protective cosmetics | Sunscreen, anti-pollution creams |
Anti-aging cosmetics | Retinol-based serums |
C. Based on Ingredients:
Synthetic cosmetics: Made using chemical compounds (e.g., parabens, silicones)
Herbal cosmetics: Use plant-based ingredients (e.g., neem, tulsi, aloe vera)
Cosmeceuticals: Cosmetic products with bioactive ingredients (e.g., peptides, retinol)
D. Based on Physical Form:
Form | Examples |
Solid | Talc, lipstick |
Liquid | Lotions, perfumes |
Semi-solid | Creams, gels, pastes |
Aerosols | Deodorants, hair sprays |
Conclusion:
The classification of cosmetics helps in their formulation, regulation, marketing, and usage. Understanding categories based on use and application ensures proper selection for safety and efficacy. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act plays a critical role in regulating cosmetic standards to ensure they are safe, non-toxic, and free from misleading claims.
Q2. Ans: Write a note on sunscreen agents. What are ultraviolet radiations and how are they harmful to the skin? Write functions of sunscreen agents.
Sunscreen agents are substances used in cosmetic formulations to protect the skin from harmful effects of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. They work either by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering UV rays and are included in products like creams, lotions, gels, and sprays.
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiations:
Sunlight includes various types of rays, of which UV radiation is the most harmful to human skin. UV radiation is divided into three types:
UVA (320–400 nm):
Penetrates deep into the dermis
Causes premature aging, wrinkles, and DNA damage
UVB (290–320 nm):
Affects the outer skin layers
Causes sunburn, tanning, and can lead to skin cancer
UVC (100–290 nm):
Mostly absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the earth's surface
Harmful Effects of UV Radiation:
Sunburn: UVB rays damage skin cells causing redness, pain, and inflammation
Photoaging: UVA rays degrade collagen and elastin, causing wrinkles and sagging
Hyperpigmentation: UV exposure stimulates melanin production leading to tanning and dark spots
Skin cancer: Prolonged UV exposure causes DNA mutations leading to skin cancers such as melanoma
Immunosuppression: UV rays may suppress skin immune response
Classification of Sunscreen Agents:
Physical (Inorganic) Sunscreens:
These act by reflecting and scattering UV rays.
Examples:
Zinc oxide
Titanium dioxide
Chemical (Organic) Sunscreens:
These absorb UV radiation and convert it into less harmful energy.
Examples:
Octinoxate (UVB absorber)
Avobenzone (UVA absorber)
Oxybenzone (broad spectrum)
Functions of Sunscreen Agents:
Protection from sunburn: Especially due to UVB rays
Prevention of photoaging: Protects against wrinkle formation and pigmentation
Prevention of skin cancer: Reduces DNA damage from UV radiation
Protection from photosensitive reactions: Some medications and conditions increase sensitivity to UV rays
Maintenance of even skin tone: Prevents tanning and discoloration
Supports skin barrier function: Minimizes moisture loss and oxidative damage
Sun Protection Factor (SPF):
SPF is a numerical rating that indicates how long a sunscreen will protect against UVB rays. For example, SPF 30 means the user can stay in the sun 30 times longer than without protection.
Conclusion:
Sunscreens are essential components in modern skincare and cosmetic formulations. With growing environmental exposure and lifestyle changes, regular use of broad-spectrum sunscreens helps protect the skin from acute and chronic UV-induced damage, maintaining healthy, youthful skin and preventing serious conditions like skin cancer.
Q3. Ans: What is herbal cosmetics? Explain in detail the role of different herbal ingredients in formulation of cosmetics.
Herbal cosmetics are products formulated using plant-based ingredients such as extracts, oils, and powders. These ingredients are considered safer, more biocompatible, and eco-friendly than synthetic ones. Herbal cosmetics not only enhance beauty but also provide therapeutic benefits due to their natural actives.
Key Features of Herbal Cosmetics:
Derived from plant parts: roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, bark
Free from harmful chemicals like parabens, sulfates
Minimal side effects and skin irritation
Often multifunctional – provide beauty + healing benefits
Role of Herbal Ingredients in Various Cosmetic Formulations:
Herbal Ingredient | Source | Function in Cosmetics |
Neem | Azadirachta indica | Antibacterial, used in soaps, toothpaste, face wash |
Aloe vera | Aloe barbadensis | Moisturizer, anti-inflammatory, used in creams, gels |
Turmeric | Curcuma longa | Antioxidant, anti-acne, skin brightening |
Tulsi (Basil) | Ocimum sanctum | Antiseptic, used in hair oils and face packs |
Clove | Syzygium aromaticum | Used in oral care for analgesic and antiseptic effects |
Hibiscus | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Promotes hair growth and prevents dandruff |
Brahmi | Bacopa monnieri | Improves hair strength and reduces hair fall |
Lemon | Citrus limon | Astringent, natural bleach, controls oil secretion |
Sandalwood | Santalum album | Cooling, skin softening and fragrance |
Shikakai | Acacia concinna | Natural shampoo, promotes hair cleansing |
Applications:
Hair care: Herbal oils, shampoos, conditioners (e.g., neem, shikakai, hibiscus)
Skin care: Face packs, creams, scrubs (e.g., turmeric, aloe, tulsi)
Oral care: Herbal toothpastes with clove, babool, neem
Color cosmetics: Henna for hair coloring, beetroot for lip color
Conclusion: Herbal cosmetics are gaining popularity due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of synthetic ingredients. They offer both beauty enhancement and medicinal benefits, making them a safe and sustainable choice.
Q4. Ans: Discuss the production of cosmetic products. Describe the production of cold cream with a neat formulation.
Production of cosmetic products involves formulation, blending of active and inactive ingredients, and packaging under regulated conditions. The process varies depending on the type of product (cream, lotion, shampoo, etc.).
General Steps in Cosmetic Production:
Raw material procurement and quality testing
Weighing and dispensing of ingredients
Heating of oil and water phases (for emulsions)
Mixing using high-speed mixers or homogenizers
Cooling and pH adjustment
Addition of heat-sensitive ingredients (e.g., perfumes, actives)
Filling, labeling, and packaging under hygienic conditions
Quality control testing for consistency, pH, microbial limits, etc.
Example: Production of Cold Cream (W/O Emulsion Type)
Formula:
Ingredient | Quantity (%) |
Beeswax | 12 |
Mineral oil | 50 |
Borax | 1 |
Water | 35 |
Perfume | 1–2 |
Production Steps:
Oil phase preparation: Melt beeswax and mineral oil in a vessel at around 70–75°C.
Aqueous phase preparation: Dissolve borax in water separately and heat to the same temperature.
Emulsification: Slowly add the aqueous phase into the oil phase with constant stirring to form a stable w/o emulsion.
Cooling: Stir the mixture continuously while cooling to room temperature.
Addition of perfume: Add perfume below 40°C.
Filling: Fill into containers, label, and store.
Function: Cold cream acts as a moisturizer and cleanser, especially for dry skin. It prevents water loss from the skin and gives a softening effect.
Q5. Ans: Write in detail knowledge of structure of skin and hair. Describe the function of each.
Structure of Skin:
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of three main layers:
Epidermis: Outermost layer, provides protection
Dermis: Middle layer, contains nerves, blood vessels, glands
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous): Deepest layer with fat cells
Functions of Skin:
Barrier function: Prevents entry of pathogens and loss of moisture
Sensation: Detects temperature, pain, pressure
Thermoregulation: Maintains body temperature via sweat glands
Vitamin D synthesis: Initiated in epidermis under UV exposure
Excretion: Removes waste through sweat
Immune function: Langerhans cells protect from foreign particles
Structure of Hair:
Hair is a keratinized structure growing from the follicle located in the dermis.
Hair shaft: Visible part (cuticle, cortex, medulla)
Hair root: Lies below the skin surface
Hair bulb: Contains the matrix where hair cells divide
Sebaceous gland: Secretes sebum to lubricate hair and skin
Functions of Hair:
Protection: Scalp hair protects from sun; eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes
Sensory function: Hair follicles are associated with nerve endings
Thermoregulation: Helps retain heat (in other mammals more than humans)
Aesthetic role: Contributes to appearance and identity
Q6. Ans: Write a detailed note on Principles of formulation and building blocks of Hair care products.
Principles of Hair Care Formulation:
Formulating hair care products requires understanding hair biology, cleansing needs, conditioning effects, and consumer preferences. Products must be pH balanced (pH 4.5–6.5), non-irritating, and effective in cleansing or treating hair.
Types of Hair Care Products:
Shampoos: For cleansing
Conditioners: For softening and detangling
Hair oils/serums: For nourishment and protection
Hair dyes and colors
Hair masks and treatments
Building Blocks:
Surfactants: For cleansing (e.g., SLS, cocamidopropyl betaine)
Conditioning agents: Silicones, polyquaternium, panthenol
Moisturizers: Glycerin, aloe vera
Oils: Coconut oil, argan oil, olive oil
pH adjusters: Citric acid, sodium hydroxide
Preservatives: Parabens, phenoxyethanol
Fragrance and colorants: For aesthetic appeal
Active ingredients: Keratin, biotin, proteins for strengthening hair
Conclusion: Effective hair care products combine functional cleansing and conditioning agents with aesthetic additives and therapeutic ingredients to promote healthy and manageable hair.
Q7. Ans: Explain basic structure of skin with neat labelled diagram. Write in detail functions of skin.
Labelled Diagram (Description):
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CopyEdit
[Epidermis]
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum basale
[Dermis]
- Blood vessels
- Nerve endings
- Hair follicle
- Sweat gland
- Sebaceous gland
[Hypodermis]
- Fat cells
Functions of Skin:
Protection: Acts as a physical and biological barrier
Sensation: Contains receptors for touch, temperature, and pain
Temperature Regulation: Sweat glands and blood vessels maintain homeostasis
Excretion: Waste eliminated through sweat
Vitamin D Production: UV rays help convert precursors to active vitamin D
Immune Response: Contains immune cells like Langerhans cells
Aesthetic and Identity: Skin tone and texture define appearance
Q8. Ans: Write a detailed note on Principles of formulation and building blocks of oral care products.
Principles of Oral Care Formulation:
Oral care products are formulated to ensure effective cleaning, protection against dental diseases, and fresh breath. They must be non-toxic, pleasant in flavor, and compatible with oral tissues.
Common Oral Care Products:
Toothpaste
Mouthwash
Dental gels
Tooth powders
Building Blocks:
Abrasives: For removing plaque (e.g., calcium carbonate, silica)
Surfactants: For foaming and cleaning (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate)
Binders: To stabilize formulation (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose)
Humectants: To retain moisture (e.g., glycerin, sorbitol)
Flavors and sweeteners: For palatability (e.g., peppermint oil, saccharin)
Therapeutic agents: Fluoride for anti-caries, triclosan for antibacterial action
Colorants: To enhance appearance
Preservatives: For product stability
Conclusion: Effective oral care formulations promote dental hygiene, prevent decay, and enhance oral freshness while ensuring safety, stability, and consumer compliance.
B.Pharmacy 8th Semester Cosmetic Science Important Question Answer
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FAQs About Cosmetic Science
1. Define SPF.
Answer:
SPF (Sun Protection Factor) indicates the level of protection a sunscreen provides against UVB rays. For example, SPF 30 allows 1/30th of UVB rays to reach the skin, helping prevent sunburn and reduce the risk of skin cancer.
2. Differentiate between cold cream and vanishing cream.
Answer:
Cold cream is oil-based, heavy, and suitable for dry skin as it moisturizes deeply. Vanishing cream is water-based, light, and quickly absorbed, leaving a matte finish, making it ideal for oily skin and daytime use.
3. Explain structure of skin.
Answer:
The skin has three main layers: epidermis (outer layer), dermis (middle layer), and hypodermis (inner layer). It protects internal organs, regulates temperature, allows sensation, and helps in synthesis of Vitamin D and excretion of waste products.
4. What are herbal cosmetics?
Answer:
Herbal cosmetics are formulations that incorporate natural plant-based ingredients like neem, Aloe Vera, turmeric, and tulsi. These products are safer, have fewer side effects, and provide skin, hair, and oral care with medicinal and cosmetic benefits.
5. Write a note on surfactants.
Answer:
Surfactants are surface-active agents used in cosmetics to reduce surface tension. They help in cleansing, foaming, and emulsifying. Types include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric. Common examples are sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine.
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