B.Pharmacy 6th Semester Pharmacology -III Important Question Answer
B.Pharm 6th Semester Pharmacology -III Important Question Answer
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| B pharmacy 6th semester pharmacology iii important |
Pharmacology -III Short Question Answer
1. Comment on use of purgatives in antidiabetic therapy:
Purgatives are not directly used in antidiabetic therapy. However, they may be prescribed in diabetic patients to relieve constipation, a common complication due to autonomic neuropathy.
2. What are monoamine oxidase? Name two drugs.
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Examples: Selegiline, Phenelzine.
3. What is “Tegaserod”? Mention two drugs used in Tegaserod reaction.
Tegaserod is a 5-HT4 agonist used for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
Drugs used in reaction: Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.
4. What is Chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy is the use of chemical agents to destroy or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms or cancer cells without harming the host.
5. Mention the major goals of antiepileptic therapy.
The major goals are:
To control or reduce seizure frequency.
To minimize drug side effects.
To maintain normal psychosocial functioning.
6. Name any four Nootropic Drugs.
Piracetam
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Ginkgo biloba
7. Define Autacoids. Classify Autacoids with examples.
Autacoids are biological factors acting like local hormones.
Classification:
Amines: Histamine, Serotonin
Peptides: Bradykinin, Angiotensin
Lipids: Prostaglandins
8. Define Superinfection.
Superinfection is a new infection caused by resistant microorganisms during treatment of a primary infection, often due to broad-spectrum antibiotics.
9. Mention heavy metal poisoning.
Heavy metal poisoning includes toxicity caused by metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, leading to organ damage and systemic effects.
10. Define barbiturates.
Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotic drugs that act on GABA-A receptors and are used for anesthesia, epilepsy, and insomnia.
Example: Phenobarbital.
11. Bacterial resistance:
Bacterial resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite the presence of antibiotics that usually kill or inhibit them.
12. Super Infection:
Superinfection is a secondary infection caused by resistant organisms during antibiotic therapy, typically due to overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
13. Universal antidote:
Universal antidote is an old mixture used in poisoning cases, consisting of activated charcoal, magnesium oxide, and tannic acid. Now, activated charcoal is commonly used.
14. Desferrioxamine is antidote of _______.
Answer: Iron poisoning.
15. Minimum Inhibitory Conc. of an antibiotic:
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.
16. Define biological clock:
A biological clock refers to the body's internal timing system regulating circadian rhythms such as sleep-wake cycles and hormone release.
17. Name the drugs used in management of COPD:
Salbutamol
Ipratropium
Tiotropium
Theophylline
18. Define Biologics:
Biologics are therapeutic products derived from living organisms, such as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and recombinant proteins.
19. What is cross resistance?
Cross resistance is a condition where resistance to one drug confers resistance to another drug of similar structure or mechanism.
20. Differentiate between expectorants and antitussives:
Expectorants: Loosen mucus to ease its removal (e.g., Guaifenesin).
Antitussives: Suppress the cough reflex (e.g., Dextromethorphan).
21. What are purgatives? Give examples.
Purgatives are drugs that promote evacuation of the bowels.
Examples: Castor oil, Bisacodyl.
22. What are biosimilar drugs? Give examples.
Biosimilars are biologic medical products highly similar to already approved reference biologics.
Examples: Zarxio (biosimilar of filgrastim), Inflectra (biosimilar of infliximab).
23. What is teratogenicity? Give examples.
Teratogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause birth defects in the fetus.
Examples: Thalidomide, Isotretinoin.
24. Define chronopharmacology with examples.
Chronopharmacology is the study of how biological rhythms affect drug action.
Example: Antihypertensives may be more effective when taken at bedtime.
25. What is immunostimulation? Give examples.
Immunostimulation involves enhancing the immune response.
Examples: Levamisole, BCG vaccine.
26. What is carcinogenicity? Give examples of carcinogens.
Carcinogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause cancer.
Examples: Asbestos, Benzene.
27. Write adverse effects of aminoglycosides.
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade
28. What are monoclonal antibodies? Give examples.
Monoclonal antibodies are lab-produced antibodies targeting specific antigens.
Examples: Rituximab, Trastuzumab.
29. Describe mechanism of action of quinolones.
Quinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and repair.
30. Define STDs with examples.
STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) are infections spread by sexual contact.
Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis.
31. Define pharmacovigilance:
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or drug-related problems.
32. Classify antineoplastic agents with suitable examples:
Alkylating agents: Cyclophosphamide
Antimetabolites: Methotrexate
Mitotic inhibitors: Vincristine
Hormonal agents: Tamoxifen
33. Write the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide:
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that cross-links DNA strands, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death.
34. Name two drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis:
Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampicin
35. Name two antiseptics used in dental practice:
Chlorhexidine
Hydrogen peroxide
36. Write adverse effects of tetracyclines:
Teeth discoloration
Photosensitivity
Gastrointestinal irritation
37. Name two immunosuppressant drugs:
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine
38. What are the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
Muscle twitching
Miosis (SLUDGE syndrome)
39. Define chelating agents with examples:
Chelating agents bind heavy metals and promote their excretion.
Examples: EDTA, Dimercaprol
40. Name any two antiviral drugs:
Acyclovir
Oseltamivir
41. Define antiseptics:
Antiseptics are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection by inhibiting or killing microorganisms.
Example: Iodine.
42. Write the uses, adverse effects, and one example of macrolide antibiotics:
Uses: Respiratory infections, STDs, skin infections
Adverse effects: GI upset, liver enzyme elevation
Example: Erythromycin
43. Define autacoids:
Autacoids are biologically active substances that act locally and regulate physiological functions like inflammation and pain.
Examples: Histamine, Serotonin.
44. Write two therapeutic uses of antihistaminics:
Allergic rhinitis
Motion sickness
45. Write the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol:
Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation.
46. Define antimicrobial resistance:
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to resist the effects of drugs, making infections harder to treat.
47. Write the therapeutic uses of ciprofloxacin:
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Respiratory tract infections
Gastrointestinal infections
48. Write the adverse effects of aminoglycosides:
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Neuromuscular paralysis
49. Define disinfectants with one example:
Disinfectants are agents used on non-living surfaces to kill microbes.
Example: Phenol.
50. Write the mechanism of action of amphotericin B:
Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that cause leakage of cell contents and cell death.
51. Define chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy is the treatment of diseases (mainly cancer and infections) using chemical substances that selectively kill or inhibit pathogenic cells.
52. Classify antifungal agents:
Polyenes: Amphotericin B
Azoles: Fluconazole
Echinocandins: Caspofungin
Allylamines: Terbinafine
53. Define antiseptics and disinfectants with one example each:
Antiseptic: Used on living tissues (e.g., Iodine)
Disinfectant: Used on surfaces (e.g., Phenol)
54. Write the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides:
Aminoglycosides bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
55. Write two adverse effects of tetracyclines:
Dental staining in children
Photosensitivity
56. Write any two uses of fluoroquinolones:
UTIs
Respiratory tract infections
57. Write mechanism of action of isoniazid:
Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, essential for the mycobacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
58. Define autacoids:
Autacoids are locally acting hormones that modulate inflammation, pain, and smooth muscle function.
Examples: Prostaglandins, Histamine.
59. Write therapeutic uses of antihistamines:
Allergic reactions
Motion sickness
Insomnia
60. Define antineoplastic drugs:
Antineoplastic drugs are agents that inhibit or prevent the growth and spread of tumors or malignant cells.
61. Define expectorants:
Expectorants are drugs that increase bronchial secretion or reduce mucus viscosity to facilitate expulsion.
Example: Guaifenesin.
62. What are Crimidines?
Crimidines are rodenticides (e.g., aminopyridines) that can be toxic to humans, causing convulsions and CNS stimulation.
63. Write down the mode of action of cromolyn sodium:
Cromolyn sodium stabilizes mast cells, preventing the release of histamine and other mediators of allergic reactions.
64. Write down the mode of action of penicillin:
Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidase enzyme, leading to cell lysis.
65. Write down the mode of action of chloroquine:
Chloroquine accumulates in parasitic food vacuoles, inhibits heme polymerase, and causes toxic heme buildup, killing the parasite.
66. What are antifungal agents?
Antifungal agents are drugs that treat fungal infections by targeting fungal cell wall or membrane synthesis.
Example: Ketoconazole.
67. Define antitubercular agents:
Antitubercular agents are drugs used to treat tuberculosis by inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Examples: Isoniazid, Rifampicin.
68. Define phototoxicity:
Phototoxicity is a skin reaction triggered by exposure to sunlight after administration of certain drugs.
Example: Tetracycline.
69. Define gonorrhea:
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, affecting mucous membranes of the reproductive tract.
70. Define anticancer chemotherapy:
Anticancer chemotherapy involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to kill or inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells.
B.Pharmacy 6th Semester All Subject Important Short Question Answer
B.Pharmacy 6th Semester All Subject Important Question Answer
B.Pharmacy 6th Semester All Subject Important Question Answer
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