B.Pharmacy 6th Semester Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Important Question Answer
B.Pharm 6th Semester Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Important Question Answer
B.Pharma VIth Semester All Six Subject 2 Marks Short Question Answer Are Publish Here Download the Pdf and Give boost To Your Preparation. Stay Connected with us for your future examination all the important content will publish here . Your Full Pharmacy Syllabus will Be published here.
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| biotechnology 6th semester b questions |
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Very Short Question Answer [2 Marks]
1. Write uses of lipase.
Lipases are used in pharmaceutical, food, and detergent industries. In pharmaceuticals, they aid in drug synthesis and biotransformation. They also assist in lipid digestion and are used in enzyme replacement therapy.
2. What is genetic engineering? Give example.
Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. Example: Production of insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli.
3. Describe immunoglobulins with examples.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are glycoproteins produced by B cells to identify and neutralize antigens. Example: IgG provides long-term immunity; IgA is found in secretions like saliva and tears.
4. Define plasma substitutes with examples.
Plasma substitutes are fluids used to replace blood plasma volume. Examples include Dextran and Hetastarch, which are used to treat hypovolemia or shock.
5. What is microbial biotransformation?
Microbial biotransformation is the chemical modification of compounds by microorganisms to produce more active, stable, or less toxic derivatives, often used in drug development.
6. What is sterilization? Name its four methods.
Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life. Methods: autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, and radiation.
7. What are restriction enzymes? Give examples.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. Example: EcoRI cuts at GAATTC; HindIII cuts at AAGCTT. They are essential tools in molecular biology.
8. Describe storage of whole blood and dried human plasma.
Whole blood is stored at 2–6°C with anticoagulants for up to 35 days. Dried human plasma is lyophilized and stored at room temperature, reconstituted before use.
9. Describe methods of MHC.
Methods of studying MHC include tissue typing, PCR-based genotyping, and serological assays to identify compatibility in organ transplantation.
10. List the requirements for production of vitamin B12.
Requirements include:
Microorganism: Propionibacterium shermanii
Fermentation medium with cobalt ions
Anaerobic conditions
pH control and aeration during fermentation.
11. Write principle of biosensor.
A biosensor works on the principle of converting a biological response into an electrical signal using a bioreceptor (enzyme, antibody) and a transducer.
12. Define upstream process in fermentation technology.
Upstream processing includes all steps before fermentation: selection of microorganism, media preparation, sterilization, and inoculum development.
13. What is active immunity?
Active immunity is the body's own production of antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen or vaccine, offering long-term protection.
14. Write function of restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase.
Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific sites. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds.
15. Give the use of Western blotting.
Western blotting is used to detect specific proteins in a sample, commonly used in diagnostics, including HIV testing.
16. Write functions of MHC.
MHC molecules present antigens to T-cells and help distinguish self from non-self, playing a key role in immune response and organ transplantation compatibility.
17. What are toxoids?
Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins used as vaccines to elicit immunity without causing disease. Example: Tetanus toxoid.
18. Write two advantages of monoclonal antibodies.
High specificity for a single antigen.
Useful in targeted therapy for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
19. What is RT-PCR?
Reverse Transcriptase PCR converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) and then amplifies it. It is used to detect gene expression.
20. Define cloning vector with examples.
A cloning vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into a host cell. Examples: pBR322, λ phage.
21. What is protein engineering?
Protein engineering is the design and modification of proteins to improve their function or stability using recombinant DNA technology or synthetic biology.
22. Describe role of biotechnology in development of pharmaceutical products.
Biotechnology enables production of insulin, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapies by using recombinant DNA and cell culture techniques.
23. Describe rDNA technology.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology involves combining DNA from two different sources and inserting it into a host for replication or protein production.
24. Describe cloning vectors.
Cloning vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell for replication. Examples include plasmids (pUC18), bacteriophages, and cosmids.
25. Describe immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are antibodies produced by plasma cells. They recognize and bind antigens. Types include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD, each with specific immune functions.
26. Describe immune stimulation with examples.
Immune stimulation enhances immune response using agents like vaccines or immunomodulators. Example: BCG vaccine stimulates immunity against tuberculosis.
27. What is mutation? Give examples.
Mutation is a permanent change in DNA sequence. Example: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin gene.
28. Describe genome organization of eukaryotes.
Eukaryotic genome is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus, consisting of exons, introns, regulatory sequences, and repetitive DNA.
29. What is fermentation? Give its applications.
Fermentation is the microbial process of converting substrates into products like alcohol, antibiotics, and vitamins under controlled conditions.
30. Describe human plasma substitutes.
Human plasma substitutes are fluids used to restore blood volume. Examples include Dextran and Gelatin-based solutions used in shock or trauma treatment.
31. What is the difference between Western blotting and Southern blotting?
Western blotting detects proteins using antibodies.
Southern blotting detects specific DNA sequences using labeled DNA probes.
32. Name the microorganisms used for the production of penicillin and blotting.
Penicillin: Penicillium chrysogenum
For blotting probes: Escherichia coli is used to clone DNA/RNA/protein sequences.
33. Name the methods of enzyme immobilization.
Adsorption
Covalent bonding
Entrapment
Encapsulation
Cross-linking
34. Define transduction and transformation process.
Transduction: Gene transfer via bacteriophages.
Transformation: Uptake of naked DNA from surroundings by a bacterial cell.
35. Explain the application of biosensors.
Biosensors are used in glucose monitoring, pathogen detection, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring (e.g., detecting toxins or pollutants).
36. Name the microorganisms used for lipase production.
Candida rugosa
Aspergillus niger
Rhizopus oryzae
Pseudomonas fluorescens
37. Give the application of ELISA.
ELISA is used for detecting antigens or antibodies in blood, such as HIV testing, pregnancy tests, and detection of hormones or drugs.
38. Name the techniques used for detecting gene product.
Western blotting
ELISA
Northern blotting
Reporter gene assay (e.g., GFP, luciferase)
39. Give the types of cloning vector.
Types include:
Plasmids
Bacteriophages
Cosmids
Artificial chromosomes (YACs, BACs)
40. Explain the application of restriction endonucleases.
Restriction enzymes are used in gene cloning, DNA mapping, and creating recombinant DNA by cutting DNA at specific sites.
41. Define immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins (antibodies) produced by B-lymphocytes that recognize and bind specific antigens to neutralize pathogens. Example: IgG, IgA.
42. Give examples of killed bacterial vaccines.
Typhoid vaccine (Salmonella typhi)
Cholera vaccine (Vibrio cholerae)
Pertussis vaccine (Bordetella pertussis)
43. Write any three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
Prokaryotic DNA is circular; eukaryotic is linear.
Prokaryotes lack introns; eukaryotes have introns.
Prokaryotic DNA is in cytoplasm; eukaryotic DNA is in nucleus.
44. Name the organism used for production of citric acid and vitamin B12.
Citric acid: Aspergillus niger
Vitamin B12: Propionibacterium shermanii
45. Define biosensor and give examples.
A biosensor detects biological molecules and converts the response into an electrical signal. Example: Glucose biosensor, urea biosensor.
46. Define plasmids with examples.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria used as cloning vectors. Example: pBR322, pUC18.
47. Write any four applications of amylase.
Starch hydrolysis in food industry
Brewing (beer)
Textile desizing
Production of glucose syrups
48. What is immune suppression? Give two examples for immunosuppressive agents.
Immune suppression is reduction of immune activity.
Examples:
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine
49. What do you mean by interferon?
Interferons are proteins released by host cells in response to pathogens. They inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune system.
50. Name any two blood products with their applications.
Packed RBCs – used in anemia
Fresh frozen plasma – used in clotting disorders
51. Enumerate any two methods of gene transfer.
Electroporation – uses electric pulses to introduce DNA into cells.
Microinjection – direct injection of DNA into the nucleus.
52. Write any two characteristics of somatic cell imm.
It does not involve germ cells (not inherited).
It is localized and affects only the individual, not offspring.
53. What is PCR?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique to amplify specific DNA sequences using primers, DNA polymerase, and thermal cycling.
54. In hybridoma technology, what is HAT medium?
HAT medium (Hypoxanthine-Aminopterin-Thymidine) is used to select hybrid cells (hybridomas) by inhibiting de novo DNA synthesis in unfused cells.
55. What do you mean by chromatin?
Chromatin is the complex of DNA and histone proteins in the nucleus, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
56. Name any two artificial plasmid vectors.
pBR322
pUC19
57. Write any two functions of MHC.
Presents antigens to T-cells.
Helps distinguish self from non-self during immune responses.
58. Define Transposons.
Transposons, or "jumping genes", are DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome, affecting gene function and evolution.
59. Write diagnostic use of Western blotting test.
Western blotting is used to confirm HIV infection by detecting specific antibodies in patient serum.
60. Write any two differences between traditional and recombinant vaccines.
Traditional vaccines use whole or inactivated pathogens; recombinant vaccines use genetically engineered proteins.
Recombinant vaccines are safer and more specific.
61. What is enzyme immobilization?
Enzyme immobilization is the attachment of enzymes to a solid support, allowing reuse and improved stability in industrial applications.
62. What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is the introduction or modification of genes in a patient's cells to treat or prevent disease.
63. Briefly specify the role of vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. Deficiency can cause anemia and nerve damage.
64. What is rDNA technology?
rDNA technology involves combining DNA from different organisms and inserting it into a host for replication or protein production.
65. Define ELISA technique.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is used to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked antibodies and color change.
66. What are the diagnostic applications of biosensors?
Biosensors diagnose diseases by detecting biomarkers such as glucose (diabetes), cholesterol, pathogens (COVID-19), or cancer markers.
67. Give four examples of microbial biosensors.
Glucose biosensor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Urea biosensor (Proteus vulgaris)
BOD sensor (Trichosporon cutaneum)
Lactate biosensor (Lactobacillus sp.)
68. Briefly specify function of MHC.
MHC presents processed antigen fragments to T-cells and helps initiate an immune response by distinguishing self from non-self.
69. Name four enzymes used in the food industry for production of enzymes.
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
Lactase
70. What is fermentation?
Fermentation is a microbial process that converts organic substrates into useful products like alcohol, antibiotics, or enzymes under anaerobic or controlled conditions.
B.Pharmacy 6th Semester All Subject Important Short Question Answer
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